The Cellular Manufacturing is adopted in batch type manufacturing industries nowadays for their production with increased productivity, less cost and time with effective control. The proposed optimization model is used to determine the cost of machine cells, i.e., machine duplication, part subcontract, inter intra cellular movements cost and cost of production associated with machine cell, such as machine reconfiguration and part inventory considering machine flexibility for various time periods. Initially, a mathematical model is proposed to calculate machine cell cost with and without considering machine flexibility, and then another lpp integer model is proposed to calculate the machine cell production and associated cost for the changes in the time period, part type, and volume considering machine flexibility. The manufacturing data in the incidence matrix and machine cell, and part family data in the block diagonal form are given as input to the optimization programming language Cplex and the output is given for the two mathematical models. The data relating to machine duplication, part subcontract, inter intracellular movement; machine reconfiguration, and part inventory are given. Two-dimensional shop floor layouts are presented in rectilinear coordinates for all the problems for easy analysis of material movement length and shop floor area

S ramesh

Oxalate is widely distributed in plant foods as potassium, sodium and ammonium oxalates (water-soluble form) and as insoluble calcium oxalates. Oxalate forms strong chelates with dietary calcium, thus rendering the complex unavailable for absorption and assimilation. It precipitates as insoluble salts accumulating in the renal glomeruli and contributes to the development of renal disorders. The seed flours of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc., Phaseolus lunatus Linn., and Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. were investigated for their total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents by HPLC. The total oxalate content of M. uniflorum, P. lunatus and P. vulgaris was 1.24, 1.77 and 1.71 mg/ g, respectively. The %age of soluble oxalate were M. uniflorum (19.50), P. lunatus (15.08) and P. vulgaris (15.88). Only soluble oxalate is responsible for oxalate absorption (bioavailability) and its excretion. Overall, the total oxalate content is high in legume flour of M. uniflorum, P. lunatus, and P. vulgaris, but the soluble oxalates are very low. Therefore, all these three legumes don't have the adverse effects of oxalate on minerals bioavailability and risk of urolithiasis.

Dr. salman ahmed

A simple and rapid RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Levocloperastine fendizoate and Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup formulation. Resolution of the analytes was achieved within 10min, employing a mixture of 10mM mobile phase Buffer (pH 6.5): Acetonitrile (50:50, % v/v) as isocratic mobile phase, pumped at 1.0mL/ min through a C18 column (5μm particle size). The detection wavelength for the analytes was 227nm. The system suitability parameters were found to be acceptable. The linearity of response (r2>0.999) in the appropriate ranges (from 50% up to 150% of the expected concentrations of the analytes in the formulations), method accuracy (RSD<2.0%), repeatability and intermediate precision (RSD<2.0%), were confirmed. Robustness result indicates that the methods performance can withstand small variations in method parameters. Satisfactory results obtained in terms of analyte recovery and RSD, while analyzing marketed pharmaceutical preparations. Hence the method can be useful for regular analysis of this combination in marketed syrup formulation.

Prasanna pradhan

Mucosal systems such as orally disintegrating films (ODFs) and mucoadhesive buccal films (MBFs) have gained attention and become a potential alternative to the conventional oral drug delivery systems, especially for patients who are geriatric or pediatric or those having difficulty in swallowing or drugs with extensive first-pass metabolism. Such films provide benefits, including a quick onset of action, increased bioavailability, and patient compliance. Successful development entails meticulous optimization of ingredients such as film-forming polymers, plasticizers, surfactants, taste maskers, and material selection for the corresponding manufacturing process, including solvent casting, hot-melt extrusion, 3D printing, and electrospinning. Limitations remain, with challenges including low drug loading capacity, no unified evaluation standard, stability problems, and regulatory vagueness of the liposome carrier. Emerging trends signal the promise of nanocarrier-based films, solid dispersions, and stimuli-responsive systems to circumvent these barriers. Personalization technologies, specifically 3D printing and natural and biodegradable polymers, are expected to broaden the clinical use of oromucosal films. This article provides an overview of the current state of development, along with formulation and manufacturing considerations of ODFs and MBFs, the role of which is significant in addressing translational and regulatory hurdles.

Karishma

Abstract Abundant solar energy is freely available almost round the year in India. As per the current scenario of global warming and climatic change, solar energy is the cleanest source in nature. Concentrated solar power (CSP)has hardly contributed to the overall installed solar power capacity in the country. CSP technologies are Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC), Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR), Paraboloid Dish and Solar Power Tower. This paper presents a review of CSP in solar parabolic dish concentrator to understand thermal aspect like thermal efficiency, optical efficiency, useful heat gain, heat losses, solar irradiation, etc. for various applications and current development. The current scenario of global CSP is discussed to meet the future challenges and need of the society.

Pramod wadate

Formulation of the least cost rations that provides the nutrient requirements of birds is an important goal in poultry production . The aim of the present study was to create an application in the Excel program for formulation of low-cost poultry diets that provide adequate nutritional requirements using linear programming based on the Solver function of the Excel program and composition of common feed ingredients used in poultry diets (yellow corn, wheat, soybean meal , barley, wheat bran, protein concentrate, limestone, table salt, di-calcium phosphate, vitamins and minerals premix ,and vegetable oil), if their default prices are 500, 450, 750, 350, 250,1750, 250, 100, 500, 4500,and 1500) Iraqi Dinar / kg, respectively. The results showed that the Solver function in - Excel can be used to solve linear programming models such as those used for formulation of least cost poultry rations. This Microsoft Excel application is ready to use and can be used to assist researchers and students in formulating poultry rations that provide the desired nutritional requirements of poultry at the lowest cost.

Rafea mohammedtaher khulel

In the running of the Internet world, Ecommerce industry has its own benchmark in terms of its rapid growth and has made itself an established sector that is indispensable for every industry to trade and do transactions online. As the world is rushing in a rapid manner, India is slogging in the improvisation of the online market, leading to the lack of customized needs of the customers. Bigger companies are trying to put in a different strategic approach taking that into consideration an approach of blended emining along with ecommerce has been devised. It would be a design of the semanticand neuralbased page ranking algorithm [2]. This tool upon launching would be a welldefined approach for ecommerce website ranking [1]. It would also facilitate the customers to find the relevant websites on the top of the page during their search for any particular product orbusiness. It would be further customized with all the relevant comparison of the other websites in terms of the product quality and price.

Dr h shaheen

The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of thermal processing treatments on nutrient and antinutrient contents of African yam bean seed flours. The African yam bean seeds were sorted, cleaned and divided into five equal lots of one kilogram each. Four lots were processed into boiled, blanched, roasted and autoclaved African yam bean flours, while the last lot was processed raw and used as control. The flour samples obtained were analysed for proximate, mineral, vitamin and antinutrient contents using standard methods. The proximate composition of the samples revealed that the flours had a range of 6.14-11.24% moisture, 8.18-14.37% crude protein, 3.06-4.61% fat, 2.04–3.32% ash, 3.18–3.56% crude fibre, 62.90–76.98% carbohydrate and 350.57–368.50 kJ/100g energy, respectively. The mineral composition of the samples showed that the flours contained 128.81–174.16 mg/100g calcium, 88.86–212.20 mg/100g, potassium, 134.71–166.77 mg/100g phosphorus, 89.17 – 122.76 mg/100g, magnesium, 14.28–18-11 mg/100g iron and 3.24–5.59 mg/100g zinc, respectively. The vitamin composition of the flours were 1.15–1.37 mg/100g ascorbic acid, 1.15–135 mg/100g thiamine, 1.19–1.55 mg/100g niacin, 1.34–1.85 mg/100g riboflavin, 1.09–1.29 mg/100g folic acid, 1.37–1.95 mg /100g vitamin A and 1.27–1.66 mg/100g vitamin E, respectively. The results showed that the roasted and autoclaved African yam bean flours generally had higher crude protein, fat, ash, crude fibre, mineral and vitamin contents than the boiled and blanched flour samples compared to the raw sample. The antinutrient composition of the flours also showed that the levels of trypsin inhibitor activity, tannin, phytate, oxalate, saponin and haemagglutinin of the samples were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by boiling, autoclaving roasting and blanching treatments compared to the raw sample. However, the study revealed that the processed African yam bean flours have the potentials to be used as nutrient dense ingredients in the preparation of a wide range of food products than the raw sample especially in both underdeveloped and developing countries where the problems of protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrients deficiencies are prevalent.

Okechukwu obed chukwuemeka

The objective of this research paper is to assess the mediating effect of Hygiene and motivator factors of Herzberg’s theory in motivating employees with special reference to retail industry and estimate their level of job satisfaction through them. The research being descriptive in nature is based on Primary as well as Secondary data. Structured and standard Questionnaire based on motivatorshygiene has been used for data collection. The respondents (retail executive) respondents were contacted through online Google form and questionnaires were distributed by the researcher personally . The final sample size was 180. Factor analysis is the main statistical tool used to identify underlying variables, or factors, that explain the pattern of correlations within a set of given variables. Researcher has used Principal component method of extraction. The KMO Test was carried out for finding sampling adequacy and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was carried along with approx. Chi-Square test to test the hypothesis. It is identified from the analysis that out of the eight factors six factors are hygiene factors. Out of these six hygiene factors 3 are money based- Monetary gains attracts, Pay Satisfaction and Love of Money. The results have showed that hygiene factors dominated over motivators in terms of job satisfaction (retail executives in NCR. ) . Herzberg’s two factor theory is applicable but not all factors influence or impact and few are becoming obsolete.

Mamta gaur

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the most common highly infectious viral respiratory diseases of poultry having wide geographical distribution. Yet, little is known about the infection in the northwestern states of Nigeria. In this study, a total of 263 pooled cloacal and tracheal swab samples were collected from apparently healthy avian species (duck, dove, geese, guinea fowl, local chicken, ostrich, parrot, pigeon, peacock, and turkey). The samples were from nine live bird markets in three states (Kaduna, Kano and Jigawa) of northwestern, Nigeria collected from September through November 2017. Total RNAs were extracted directly from the swab samples and screened for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. An overall prevalence of 38.0% (100/263) was recorded. IB was detected in 70 % (7/10) of the avian species with prevalence of 100 % in dove, local chicken 45.9 %, duck 42.3 %, geese 26.6 %, pigeon 23.5 %, turkey 20.0 % and guinea fowl 6.2 %. Conversely, no detection was made from ostrich, parrot, and peacock. Widespread distribution of IBV was observed and evidence of subclinical infection in seven out of ten (70 %) of the avian species sampled. These avian species harbouring IBV may act as reservoirs with an influence on the ecology and epidemiology of the disease. Continuous surveillance and characterization of the different serotypes in avian species are recommended to inform the adoption of suitable vaccination strategy and control measures for the disease in Nigeria.

Bitrus inuwa

In olden days in most of the family male members were meant for earning income to the family where as the female members looked after the house works. In most of the family it was followed. After some time it was felt that if the female members are involved in some works other than the family affairs it would be the support extended by them to their spouse and family members. Therefore, in some family the female members were allowed to work in some industries and agriculture. Most of the women members supported to the family members the work or job involved by the male members of the family. Being India a country having more than 65 percent of its population are residing in rural areas. They depend only on agriculture and allied industries of agriculture. Due to the failure of rainfall and problems of insects and the monsoon nowadays the farmer could not earn even the amount incurred by them to cultivate the produces. But the necessity of the family is going on increasing day by day. Further, the prices of the domestic utilities are also increasing like anything. It is very difficult to run the family with single earning. Therefore, it is necessary for both the male and female members in the family to bring income to meet their requirements. In urban areas, there is more number of industries, which provide employment opportunities to both of the gender. However, if consider the position of the village women, they do not have much awareness on industrial work. Further, they have only limited literacy knowledge, which paved them to engage only in agriculture labour, which further made them weak in their financial position, as there is only limited scope for income in the agriculture work. Hence, most of the family in the rural parts of the country led a very poor life, which worsens the younger generation particularly in education. To minimize the unemployment problems in the rural areas and to generate the income to the family in the rural parts, the central government introduced Micro Finance to encourage the rural public to generate income to their family by way of doing small business or involved in some self-employment activities. As a part of the development of women in the rural areas, Self-help groups were established in the year 1993-94 in Uthrapradesh. But the evolution of SHGs commenced in 1990s. Micro finance plays vital role in the empowerment of women particularly in the village areas by providing financial assistance through self-help groups in the local areas since 1990. Andhra Pradesh government emphasizes more on the development of women through Self-help groups. The banks are given direction to provide more volume loan to the self-help groups. More number of self help groups was established in all villages. NGOs and government create awareness among all women in the rural areas to form self-group even for each line and street in all villages of Andhra Pradesh. We happened to see number of SHGs is being established and functioning well. The self-help group members are involved in various activities like running a canteen, manufacturing pickles and handy crafts and cloth items, etc. The local banks are adopting the particular villages for providing loan to self-help groups. Though the Micro finance extends maximum support to the development of women and the self help groups, the members in self-help groups have different views about micro finance and face many issues in getting the loan and the repayment of the loan. In many occasions, the members in self-help groups are compelled by family members not to involve in SHGs activities because of various reasons. In some of the SHGs the income level of the members is very low when compared with the income from other SHGs. What are the actual causes? What is the role of micro finance in empowerment of women? To know all these reasons a thorough study is to be undertaken.

Dr tatayya bommali

In this study, we implement a lightweight CNN for sarcasm detection using audio input. To achieve this goal, we propose DepthFire block. We propose a lightweight version of the traditional Depthwise convolution layer that focuses on reduced memory. Unlike the traditional depthwise convolution layer that focuses on reducing the memory requirements of the entire architecture, our solution offers a specific and targeted approach that specifically reduces the memory requirements of the depthwise convolution layer through parameter reduction.We evaluated the impact of its energy consumption and the performance of our proposed solution with other existing solutions and on different activations, pooling functions and datasets.We further tested the applicability of the solution on 2D input.And our solution obtained 82.98 percent model size reduction as compared to MobileNetV2 and 58.94 percent as compared to MobileNetV3 small with a energy reduction of 56.48 percent on CIFAR10 dataset.

Jiby mariya jose

Recently, the definition of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), a condition with a complicated pathogenesis, has been revised. Logically, CRS syndrome should be classified according to the initial organ that is injured, resulting in damage to another organ. Hence, there are only three main categories of CRS. Category one includes acute and chronic CRS. Category two involves renal-cardiac syndrome (RCS), which can be classified as acute or chronic. The third category represents secondary CRS, referred to as cardio-reno-cardiac syndrome (CRCS), which can be subdivided into acute and chronic CRCS. In this part of our series, we will discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute CRS. We retrieved articles published on acute CRS using different keywords and phrases between January 2019 and June 2025 to achieve these goals.

Karishma

Human being has some basic needs which include Food, Clothing & Shelter, in addition to above Healthcare, Education, Sanitation are also core part of basic necessities in modern society. In above mention basic necessities Healthcare facility was near to unavailable till independence for majority of citizens in country but this picture change dramatically with help of FDI allowed by Govt. of India. Foreign Direct Investment as a strategic element of funding is required in every develop & developing country. FDI inflows are long term in nature which causes source of non-debt finance, as well as bring modern & innovative technology in country by creating international network. In this paper, author attempted to discover how FDI is crucially impact on Indian Pharmaceutical Sectors progress by stimulating domestic investment & new employment opportunities, improving healthcare facilities to citizens in India. With the help of available relevant secondary data, a qualitative approach was followed for the study. It was found in study that the major factors responsible for attracting FDI in pharmaceutical sector are rise in outsourcing activities, demand in the generics market, demand from emerging segments, increase in domestic demand, large numbers of forthcoming patent expires. On the other hand Indian pharmaceutical industry is facing some challenges such as, low government expenditure on healthcare, poor healthcare infrastructure in rural areas, lack of proper Govt. policy to attract larger FDI in healthcare sector.

Anshuman vijay magar

Hydatid disease or hydatidosis is a worldwide zoonosis disease caused by the tapeworm of Echinococcus granulosus and still widely endemic in Tunisia especially in rural areas where the sheep-dog cycle is dominant. It is an important public health problem in the pediatric age group causing significant morbidity and mortality. We report a case of primary hydatid cyst of the small intestine in a child and we want to highlight the difficulty that we meet in the diagnosis despite the contribution of imaging.

Sameh

Marine algae have been known and utilized since the ancient era. It is the source of chemical compounds mainly useful as a food for their richness in protein, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. Physiologically active compounds also have a great potential to play an important role in cosmetics, medicine and pharmaceutical aid. In this review, the information provided will play an essential role in future medicinal and cosmeceutical production.

Dr. salman ahmed

This research aims to evaluate the optimization of network security forensic tools on virtual router (VR) traffic. The methodology used includes the selection of several forensic tools on the Windows operating system such as Wireshark, Windump, and Network Miner, with testing in a virtual network environment. Testing, includes simulating various attack scenarios to assess the effectiveness of threat detection, performance of forensic tools, and impact on network performance. The main results show that the tools have varying detection capabilities with variations in resource usage and impact on network latency. Network traffic has been successfully recorded using the Win-dump tool in the static-forensics method, the Wireshark tool and Network Miner in the live-forensics method. The evaluation results of the meta-router network forensic recording tool recommend Win-dump as a recording tool that does not burden the Windows operating system with memory usage of 1696 kb while the Wireshark and Network Miner applications are recorded at more than 20MB. Based on this research, the static forensic method which have been built with meta-router objects can be used by investigators to detect cyber attacks. Proper selection and configuration of forensic tools is critical to achieving a balance between security and network performance, and specific adjustments to network requirements can increase the effectiveness of threat detection and mitigation.

Firmansyah yasin

Development of thematic teaching materials based on Islamic values, especially those related to the contents of the verses of the Alqur'an and / or hadith as the basis of all science. In the available books, there are no thematic teaching materials that are integrated with the Al-Quran and Hadith, as well as Islamic values ??that are able to implement the core competencies of the 2013 curriculum, namely the competence of spiritual attitudes in thematic learning. The formulation of this research is: (1) producing thematic teaching materials based on Islamic values ??theme 7 (Leadership) class 6 Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Jember. (2) to determine the effectiveness of thematic teaching materials based on Islamic values ??in learning. This study uses a research and development research type, the Borg and Gall model which is divided into 10 steps, namely: (1) research and data collection (2) planning, (3) product draft development, (4) initial field trials, ( 5) revising the results of trials, (6) field trials, (7) improving products from field tests, (8) conducting field trials, (9) improving product results, and (10) disseminating and implementing. The testing technique was carried out by comparing the pre-test and post-test values. The data was calculated using the t-test and processed using the SPSS application to determine the effectiveness of teaching materials. The results of this study indicate: the validation test produces an average of 88.79% with the criteria that the book is very suitable for use in learning. In terms of attractiveness, this book is very interesting to use for students, this is based on the results of the questionnaire data given to students with an average of 88.24% with very attractive qualifications. Meanwhile, from the results of the pre-test and post-test based on the t count which shows that it is greater than the t table, it means that the book is effective for use in learning. Pengembangan bahan ajar tematik berbasis nilai keislaman, terutama yang terkait dengan isi ayat Alqur'an dan/atau hadits sebagai dasar dari semua sains. Dalam buku yang telah tersedia tidak ada bahan ajar tematik yang terintegrasi dengan Al-Quran, dan Hadits, serta nilai-nilai Islam yang mampu mengimplementasikan kompetensi inti dari kurikulum 2013 yaitu kompetensi sikap spiritual dalam pembelajaran tematik. Perumusan penelitian ini yaitu: (1) menghasilkan bahan ajar tematik berbasis nilai keislaman tema 7 (Kepemimpinan) kelas 6 Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Jember. (2) mengetahui efektifitas bahan ajar tematik berbasis nilai-nilai keislaman dalam pembelajaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian pengembangan Research and Development, model Borg and Gall yang terbagi menjadi 10 langkah, yaitu: (1) penelitian dan pengumpulan data (2) perencanaan, (3) pengembangan draf produk, (4) uji coba lapangan awal, (5) merevisi hasil uji coba, (6) uji coba lapangan, (7) penyempurnaan produk hasil uji lapangan, (8) uji pelaksanaan lapangan, (9) penyempurnaan produk hasil, dan (10) diseminasi dan implementasi. Teknik uji coba dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai pre-test dan post-test. Data dihitung dengan uji-t dan diolah menggunakan aplikasi SPSS untuk mengetahui efektifitas bahan ajar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan: uji validasi tersebut rata-rata menghasilkan 88,79 % dengan kriteria bahwa buku tersebut sangat layak untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran. Dari segi kemenarikan, buku ini sangat menarik untuk digunakan pada siswa, hal ini berdasarkan dari hasil data angket yang diberikan kepada siswa dengan rata-rata 88,24% dengan kualifikasi sangat menarik. Sedangkan dari hasil pre-test dan pos-test berdasarkan uji t hitung yang menunjukan lebih besar dari t tabel, berarti buku tersebut efektif untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran.

Educare: journal of primary education

Elevated arterial blood pressure is the most important public health problem in developed countries. It often leads to lethal complications if left untreated. Brewer's yeast is celebrated for its various beneficial effects, including a possible hypotensive effect. Thus, the anti-hypertensive effects of brewer’s yeast were investigated. The hypertensive model was done by a once-weekly intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone at a dose of 25 mg/kg combined with drinking a 1.0% sodium chloride solution containing 0.2% KCl and 2.0% glucose for six weeks. The blood pressure was measured by the rat carotid artery cannulation preparation. Different doses of brewer's yeast dissolved in distilled water were injected into the internal jugular vein, with measurement of blood pressure at each time. To explore the mechanism of the hypotensive effect of yeast, the yeast cardiac effect was verified by the use of isolated perfused rabbit heart preparations using different antagonists. It was found that dexamethasone elevated systolic blood pressure to 178.3±11.6 and diastolic blood pressure to 133.3±16.6 from normal levels of 115.0±9.1 for systolic and 74.0±4.1 for diastolic. The gradual increase in intravenous yeast doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.40 effectively lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure in rats with normal pressure, bringing them to approximately 80.0±05.6 mmHg for systolic and 40.0±3.5 mmHg for diastolic. While doses exceeding 0.04 resulted in a drop in systolic pressure to 60.0±3.9 mmHg, diastolic pressure became unrecordable. The administration of the 0.20 dose resulted in unrecordable blood pressure. In hypertensive rats, a decrease in blood pressure was observed with doses ranging from 0.60-1.0 mg, leading to a reduction to 110.0±2.8 mmHg for systolic and 52.0±9.9 mmHg for diastolic pressures. Doses exceeding 1.0 mg further lowered systolic and diastolic pressures to 20.0±3.9 mmHg. There was a mild increase in heart rate with no change in cardiac force of contraction. This effect was not mediated through beta, calcium receptors, or the histamine effect. The findings show that the yeast has a dose-dependent blood pressure-lowering effect. The mechanism of the chronotropic effect is possibly due to its direct action.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

The propagation of using drugs on the road was the main reason for focusing on the development of the rapid methods which are used to detect the presence of drugs which may have been taken. Oral fluid has become a popular specimen to test for the presence of drugs. In vitro tongues were prepared with different concentrations of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC E4M); one of these concentrations was chosen to be used for tests. Chemical reagents were prepared which included: cobalt thiocyanate, fast blue B test, Marquis, Mandelin and Zimmerman reagents which were used to examine eight drugs in three different concentrations, each of 10.0 mg/mL, 05.0 mg/mL and 01.0 mg/mL where each reagent was used for a particular drug. The drugs were amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), codeine, diazepam, heroin, methadone and morphine. Each drug was tested by a specific reagent. The difference in the concentrations gave various results in terms of achieving positive results and the ratio of the clarity of the colour. The amount of the drug on the tongue was between 20 μg and 400 μg. Positive and negative results were obtained in this study. Most of the high concentrations gave positive results; however, the low concentrations gave different results which were between positive, negative and light or very light in colour. In conclusion, there is an explanation of the difference in sensitivity of the effects of the different kinds of reagents in the drug, such as cobalt thiocyanate which was more sensitive at the low concentration of heroin and gave a clear result.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences