Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the most common highly infectious viral respiratory diseases of poultry having wide geographical distribution. Yet, little is known about the infection in the northwestern states of Nigeria. In this study, a total of 263 pooled cloacal and tracheal swab samples were collected from apparently healthy avian species (duck, dove, geese, guinea fowl, local chicken, ostrich, parrot, pigeon, peacock, and turkey). The samples were from nine live bird markets in three states (Kaduna, Kano and Jigawa) of northwestern, Nigeria collected from September through November 2017. Total RNAs were extracted directly from the swab samples and screened for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. An overall prevalence of 38.0% (100/263) was recorded. IB was detected in 70 % (7/10) of the avian species with prevalence of 100 % in dove, local chicken 45.9 %, duck 42.3 %, geese 26.6 %, pigeon 23.5 %, turkey 20.0 % and guinea fowl 6.2 %. Conversely, no detection was made from ostrich, parrot, and peacock. Widespread distribution of IBV was observed and evidence of subclinical infection in seven out of ten (70 %) of the avian species sampled. These avian species harbouring IBV may act as reservoirs with an influence on the ecology and epidemiology of the disease. Continuous surveillance and characterization of the different serotypes in avian species are recommended to inform the adoption of suitable vaccination strategy and control measures for the disease in Nigeria.
Abstract Higher education in India is always a socio-political way and a powerful engine of social mobility. It adds to the benefits to society as more people earning Higher Education credentials. It is proven that college graduates earn more. They are less likely to be unemployed. They are more likely to vote, more likely to volunteer, and more likely to maintain good health. India as a Globalised and developing nation has been little systematically progressing on the educational front since its independence. The government is making progress in reaching out to all the classes of its society. The improvement in the country’s economic front has resulted in the upscaling of communication technology. The advent of the internet, have vastly leveraged the promotion of education across all verticals. But at the same time, the idea of Equity and Equality needs to be redefined in the present context of the newly established notion of ‘Inclusivity’. This paper deliberates on the various ideas and approaches of Higher Education in India on ‘Inclusivity’ in general and Equity and Equality in particular.
The city that never sleeps, a vibrant tapestry of dense neighborhoods and relentless energy, has long grappled with the pervasive challenge of air pollution. The very dynamism that defines the city – its traffic, buildings, and industry – contributes to ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone (O3), pollutants known to exact a heavy toll on public health. [1-3] An extended analysis of environmental health data from 2005 to 2019, meticulously compiled by the town Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH), offers a crucial lens through which to view the city's journey: a narrative marked by significant public health victories interwoven with stark, persistent environmental injustices. [4] This fifteen-year period reveals not just the efficacy of targeted interventions but also the deeply entrenched disparities that continue to leave vulnerable communities uneasy. Thus, the aforementioned challenge provides a very important lesson to address similar problems around the globe, especially in the crowded urban areas.
Paracetamol is one of the most found over the counter drugs worldwide. It is widely used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug. Many commercial types of paracetamol tablets are available under different brand names in the Libyan drug market. The present study was conducted to evaluate post-marketing quality parameters for three brands of paracetamol tablets marketed in Libya. All three brands were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time and uniformity of content following British pharmacopeia guidelines. The outcomes of this study showed all tested brands complied with the British pharmacopeia specifications for the weight variation test, friability test (0.05%-0.17%), and hardness test (171.3N-197.6 N). In addition, two brands passed the British pharmacopeia requirements for the disintegration time test, whereas one brand exceeded the allowed disintegration time by about five minutes. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine paracetamol content. Although the average amount of paracetamol drug available in these brands is not very close to 100%, where one brand achieved the lowest value (438.1 mg), the loaded dose of paracetamol in selected tablets in the three brands was within the British pharmacopeia standard specifications for the uniformity content test. Therefore, it can be concluded that almost all the three tested brands of paracetamol tablets that are available in the Libyan drug market meet the British pharmacopeia specification for quality control analysis.
Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences
Monitoring and controlling of clean area environment is of paramount importance to ensure product safety and quality. This comprehensive analysis evaluates environmental monitoring (EM) data from Class C and Class D controlled environments in pharmaceutical manufacturing, utilizing Active Air (AA), Passive Air (PA), and Contact Plate (CP) or Replicate Organism Detection And Counting (RODAC) surface samples. The study aims to identify contamination trends, anomalies, and compliance with ISO 14644-1 and EU GMP Annex 1 standards. Results reveal unexpected findings: Class C Active Air (43 CFU/m³) and RODAC (3 CFU/plate) overall averages are higher than Class D Active Air (34 CFU/m³) and RODAC (2 CFU/plate), respectively, deviating from expected cleanroom classification. Class D Passive Air (22 CFU/plate) is higher than Class C (17 CFU/plate), aligning with expectations. Persistent hotspots were identified in Class C (e.g., location labelled “AA C 12 NG0”AA averages± Standard Deviation (SD): 67.33±17 CFU/m³), indicating localized control failures, while Class D showed extreme individual spikes (e.g., AA D 99 Ac: Max 171 CFU/m³). Sporadic contamination events in Class C suggest transient breaches, necessitating root-cause investigations. The study also highlights limitations of Class D monitoring, which obscures temporal trends and risks missing critical excursions due to long intervals between samples. Recommendations include targeted engineering assessments for high-load zones, enhanced Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for cleaning and gowning, adoption of real-time biofluorescent particle counters to replace manual sampling, and increased monitoring frequency in Class D hotspots.
An experiment was carried out during kharif 2017 at Zonal Research Station, Chianki using sixteen promising genotypes of okra with three replications in randomized block design. Observations on ten important quantitative characters were recorded. Analyzed data revealed that all characters showed significant effect. The genotype Ajeet-121 gave significantly highest yield with the yield of 135.12 q/ha followed by NS-862 and Super green with the yield of 134.75 q/ha and 134.02 q/ha, respectively. Average fruit weight (15.33 g) and yield of fruits per plant (245.67 g/plant) were recorded significantly highest in the genotype Ajeet-121. On the basis of these observations, it may be concluded that the genotype Ajeet-121 was found most suitable okra genotype for kharif cultivation in the western plateau region (sub zone-V) of Jharkhand.
International journal of agricultural and applied sciences (ijaas)
This paper examines India’s diplomatic stance towards Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories, focusing on the complexities of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and India’s historical relations with both sides. The issue of Israeli settlements has been an issue and a obstacle to peace in the region. As a prominent global player and staunch supporter of Palestinian rights, India finds itself in the delicate position of balancing its traditional support for the Palestinian cause with its growing strategic ties with Israel.The article delves into the evolving dynamics of India’s foreign policy and the factors influencing its stance on Israeli settlements. Analyses India’s historical suppor t for Palestinian self-determination and its voting record in international forums not supporting Israeli settlements. It also examines India’s growing economic and defence cooperation with Israel, which complicates its position on the issue of settlements.
Parkinson’s disease, first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a neurodegenerative ailment resulting from the damage of nerve cells in the brain. It is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with an estimated prevalence of 31 to 328 per 100,000 people worldwide. It is estimated that more than 1 percent of the population over age 65 are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease; incidence and prevalence increase with age. There are numerous unanswered questions regarding the diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease. Worsening mobility, causing problems with activities of daily living, pain and communication problems due to rigidity of facial muscles, are the main reasons of their decreasing quality of life. This study is focused on the role of psychological variables, which could be associated with quality of life in PD patients. After their identification a discussion about opportunities of improvement patient’s quality of life can be opened. Current drug therapies for human PD with Levodopa or various dopamine receptor agonists offer symptomatic relief and appear to have little effect on the neurodegenerative process. More than 50% of patients with PD treated over 5 years with Levodopa will develop complications such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesia’s. In this scenario, slowing the progression of PD through neuroprotective or restorative therapy is a major focus of research. From a pharmacologic standpoint, current strategies involve interrupting the cascade of biochemical events that leads to death of dopaminergic cells. The significance of many indigenous medicinal plants and their phytoconstitutents in the management of Parkinsonism with minimal side effect profile arise in this context
Ascaris lumbricoides infestation is a worldwide common soil-transmitted helminths infection mainly affecting children in the developing and low socioeconomic status countries where the transmission is by contamination of soil by human feces or use of untreated feces as fertilizer [1]. However, it is rare in Qatar, and most cases have been reported among non-Qatari residents who visited their home country while on vacation. In this report, we presented a case of A. lumbricoides infection in a preschool child who arrived in Qatar after a trip to the Gaza strip.
The establishment of energy-saving and natural resource-saving systems is an important issue and relevant research and development should be accomplished without delay. Making structures lighter is one way to save energy. The study of light metals such as aluminium and magnesium alloys has received much attention. Aluminium alloys are especially attractive because of superior recyclability and workability. However, present structures made of stainless steels cannot be entirely replaced with aluminium alloy structures, taking into account strength, weldability and economics, although it is possible to replace part of a structure with aluminium alloy components. In this case, it is necessary to joint SS 430F steel with Aluminium 6061. Few sound joints have been obtained, owing to the formation of a large amount of brittle intermetallic compounds which were using fusion welding. In the recent years, welding of dissimilar metals by conventional welding techniques has become difficult. The flux used for the welding will create lot of heat which reduces the strength of the welded joints. In order to overcome this, friction welding is more effective in joining dissimilar metals when compared with fusion welding, since it is a solid-state process. Heat is generated in friction welding by conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy in the interface of work pieces during rotation under pressure. Various ferrous and non-ferrous alloys having circular or non-circular across sections and that have different thermal and mechanical properties which can be joined by the friction welding. Conventional structures made of steel have been replaced by lighter materials, capable of providing high mechanical strength, lower volume of material and good corrosion resistance components such as those used in industries (shipbuilding, light and heavy automotive, electrical, chemical, civil, space and nuclear industry).
This research paper examines the dynamic interplay between social movements and Indian politics to assess their importance in shaping the socio-political landscape of the nation. In recent decades, India has witnessed the rise of various social movements, from grassroots activism to large-scale protests, each with distinct goals and socio-political implications. This study uses a multidimensional approach that combines historical analysis, case studies, and theoretical frameworks to reveal the complex connections between social movements and political transformations. The research begins by delving into the historical context of social movements in India, highlighting their evolution from the pre-independence era to the present. By examining key movements such as India's independence struggle, the Chipko movement, anti-corruption protests and farmers' agitations, this paper seeks to identify recurring patterns, strategies and outcomes across periods. The study further examines the impact of social movements on policy-making, political discourse and institutional reforms. By analyzing specific cases where social movements have influenced legislative decisions or brought about political change, the research aims to assess the tangible results of grassroots activism on the functioning of Indian democracy. The role of social media and technology in amplifying the voices of social movements is also explored, emphasizing their transformative influence on public opinion, mobilization and information dissemination. This study uses a comparative analysis of movements with varying degrees of success to distinguish the factors that contribute to their effectiveness and endurance. the research presents a comprehensive assessment of the role played by social movements in shaping Indian politics. By synthesizing historical perspectives, contemporary case studies and theoretical insights, this article contributes to a nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between social activism and political change in the Indian context. The aim of the findings is to inform policy makers, scholars and activists about the potential of social movements as catalysts for positive social transformations and democratic development.
Giving stimulus from educators in the form of giving appreciation and punishment will greatly affect the way of thinking and behavior of students in achieving the goals of character education that have been set. This study aims to describe the implementation of reward and punishment in shaping the character of students' discipline. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of case study. Methods of data collection using interviews, observation and documentation. The validity of the data used source triangulation and technical triangulation. The results of this study indicate: (1) The implementation of rewards in shaping the discipline character of students is done by giving rewards in the form of praise and giving appreciation in the form of gifts. (2) The implementation of punishment in shaping the disciplinary character of students is carried out by giving gradual warnings, giving spontaneous warnings and written warning letters. (3) Evaluation of the implementation of rewards and punishments in shaping the character of students' discipline is using process evaluation, which is an assessment carried out during the learning process by observing the attitudes of students everyday when they are in the madrasa environment.. Pemberian stimulus dari pendidik berupa pemberian apresiasi dan hukuman akan sangat mempengaruhi cara berpikir dan tingkah laku peserta didik dalam mencapai tujuan pendidikan karakter yang sudah ditetapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi reward dan punishment dalam membentuk karakter disiplin peserta didik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi tehnik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan: (1) Implementasi reward dalam membentuk karakter kedisiplinan peserta didik dilakukan dengan memberikan reward dalam bentuk pujian serta memberikan apresiasi dalam bentuk hadiah. (2) Implementasi punishment dalam membentuk karakter kedisiplinan peserta didik dilakukan dengan cara memberi peringatan secara bertahap, memberi teguran spontan dan surat peringatan tertulis. (3) Evaluasi implementasi reward dan punishment dalam membentuk karakter kedisiplinan peserta didik adalah menggunakan evaluasi proses, yaitu penilaian yang dilakukan di saat proses pembelajaran berlangsung dengan mengamati dari sikap peserta didik sehari-hari ketika berada di lingkungan madrasah.
Background: Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) antibodies may be considered as biomarkers of typhoid fever, a severe febrile systemic illness caused by an invasive Gram-negative Bacterium S. typhi. Worldwide, about 21-26.9 million cases of typhoid fever and 200 000-215 000 deaths, occur annually. Between 2003 and 2005, statistics have shown a rising trend in the incidence of typhoid fever in Abia and Enugu States. The aim of the study was to determine the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies in some rural communities of Abia and Enugu States as proxy indicators of prevalence typhoid fever (TF) in the two states. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies in ten rural communities of Umunneochi Local Government Area (LGA) of Abia State and Ezeagu LGA of Enugu State using 421 (200 in Abia and 221 in Enugu) blood samples for the Widal test to determine the titres of these antibodies. Results: In the Abia communities the mean sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was 68.2%, while in Enugu it was 87.1%. Between the two states, difference in the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was significant (p=0.03). Conclusions: The sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was higher (87.1%) in the Enugu communities, compared to the Abia communities (68.2%). To reduce the incidence and prevalence of TF in the communities, access to safe domestic water, improved sanitation and good food hygiene needs to be improved. Health-seeking behaviour also needs improvement.
A simple one pot synthesis has been developed for the synthesis 1,4-dihydropyridine using an efficient and reusable silica supported MgO solid catalyst by condensation of dimedone, ethyl acetoacetate, aldehyde and ammonium acetate in methanol as a solvent at room temperature. The reactions could be carried out under mild reaction conditions with very good yield of polyhydroquinoline, up to 92%. This catalyst could be recycled very easily, which makes this methodology environmentally benign.
Social competence is often seen as a desirable trait during adolescence as it is considered as a protective factor in resilient individuals. It promotes personal and interpersonal effectiveness by enhancing skills needed for dealing with environmental challenges in daily life situations. Poor social competence has been associated with a number of psychosocial troubles during adolescence, including mental disorders, emotional and behavioral problems. Of the many skill building programs used to enhance adolescent social competence, Life Skills Education and Training have been significant ones. The present study investigates the utility of life skills training in enhancing social competency during adolescence. A pre- and post-test experimental design was used in the study to analyze the stated objectives. Adolescent Social Competency Scale was used to select the study sample. 160 adolescent students (mean age=16.44) who scored low on social competence participated in the study. These were randomly divided into the experimental and control group (n=80), consisting of equal number of male and female adolescents (n=40). Participants in the experimental group were trained on six of the ten core life skills, based on the module prepared by the researcher. The training lasted for 10 sessions following which post-test assessments were done. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics including independent sample t-test and repeated measures of ANOVA. The results of the study indicate a significant effect of life skills training in enhancing adolescent social competence, irrespective of gender.
Subcutaneous emphysema is defined as a trapped air in tissues under the skin. This entity most often occurs in the chest wall and neck but can infrequently happen in other parts of the body like the orbital area [1]. The main mechanism of subcutaneous emphysema is the traumatic damage of the anatomical air-filled cavities or canals. Most of the rare, reported cases of orbital and periorbital emphysema were described in adults as complications of several types of traumas, including direct trauma, recent or previous surgery [2,3], barotrauma secondary to non-invasive ventilation, such as continuous positive airway pressure therapy [4], and even post forceful noseblowing [5]. In this report, we described the first reported case of post-vomiting subcutaneous emphysema surrounding the medial canthus of the right eye in a 10-year-old boy.
A 33-year-old young male patient with a history of uncontrolled hypertension was referred to my clinic due to a 2-week fever, generalized body aches, shortness of breath, and easy fatigue. Clinical examination showed a toxic dyspneic patient, but conscious and well-oriented. His blood pressure was 170/100 mm Hg, pulse 90 beat/min, respiratory rate 15/min, and the temperature was 38.6°C. Cardiac examination showed a harsh systolic murmur at the mitral area radiating to the axilla. Abdomen examination revealed moderate splenomegaly and mild hepatomegaly. The rest of the examination was unremarkable.
Abstract- The injection of the PV Grid power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The influence of the PV Grid in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements and the norms followed according to the guidelines specified in the International Electro technical Commission standard, are the active and reactive power variations, variation of voltages, flicker, harmonics and electrical behavior of switching operations. The work study demonstrates has overall good functional characteristics, better performance and faster response than existing systems. The proposed system of having STATCOM is smaller in size and less costly when compared to the existing system. In this proposed system static compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point with a battery energy storage system to reduce the power quality issues. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme gives the reactive power demand of load and the induction generator. Simulation is done by using MATLAB / SIMULINK-Sim power system software.
The kidney stones are one of the most widely spreading disorders in the world. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Didymocarpuspedicellata and Ashwagandha for its antiurolithiatic activity in rats. Urolithiasis was induced in adult male albino wistar rats by 0.75% of ethylene glycol for 28 days. The effect of the oral administration of the ethanolicextracts has been studied and is compared with the effect of oral administration of Cystone(Himalaya) as a standard on Wistar rat. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calciumand phosphate. Supplementation with ethanolic extract of the plants significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. Both the plant extract showed significant antiurolithiatic activity
The general meaning of a word is the representation of the type from it, in linguistic contexts and certain grammatical forms and this meaning is opposed to the individualized meaning, the separation of a unique item of the type, distinguishable from others. The general meaning seems like a grammatical meaning that is not formally sufficiently marked, but the indefinite articles and the suffixes, in addition to other grammatical meanings, can also express a general meaning in certain contexts. A definite meaning of the noun is generally considered the meaning of the noun in the definite form and indefinite meaning the one of the indefinite noun. But how does the general meaning relate to them? Nouns with general meaning, whether in the indefinite form or in the definite form are meaningfully definite. Both the speaker and the listener know the class that the general noun marks. Despite the formal indefiniteness / definiteness, nouns with a general meaning are semantically definite.