Wilsons disease is a rare inherited disorder which is characterized by impaired copper excretion which leads to excessive deposition of copper in many tissues and organs like brain, liver, and eye. This is also characterized by Kaiser-Fleischer ring, low serum ceruloplasmin levels and elevated urinary copper excretion [1]. A 26year male patient came to the neurology department with chief complaints of involuntary tremors of both hands and difficulty in walking in the last one month associated with swaying to one side in the last 20 days. On examination the patient is having Kaiser-Fleisher ring positive and upon further investigation Magnetic resonance imaging brain was performed which revealed the features in favor of Wilson’s disease. And for this condition the patient is treated with chelating agents and benzodiazepines. Key words: Wilson’s Disease, Kaiser- Fleisher ring, Chelating agents

Dr venkata rama rao nallani

Colon is part of the digestive system in the human body responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from food residues. There are many problems affecting the colon including irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, abscess, colitis and colon cancer which considered one of the most common diseases among the Libyan community. The aim of this study was to search the presence of colonic disease and the tendency of those diseases to transform into colonic cancer at Benghazi medical center in Benghazi-Libya. A survey was comprised of 15 questions concerning colon diseases, proper diagnosis and treatment type. The survey was distributed to the physician specialized in medicine at Benghazi medical center and they fill it voluntary. The initial part of the questionnaire designed to obtain demographic data concerning the physicians who diagnose the colon illness. The rest part of the questionnaire was concerning special questions to define frequency of the diagnosed disease. There were 20 participants at this study. The response to all questionnaires were collected and analyzed for drug use, patients and disease distribution. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the correct diagnosis, prescribing the appropriate treatment for the colon disease and using the medicine properly is one of the most important things that help in treating the disease and reducing its exacerbation. In some cases, eradication procedures may be required if the medicine is not sufficient to treat the disease without the need for operations

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Metamizole or Novalgin® is a widely used well tolerated analgesic drug which is however compromised by agranulocytosis as adverse effect. Subsequent to nonenzymatic hydrolysis, the primary metabolic step is N-demethylation of 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) to 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA). The aim of the present study was to identify the human cytochrome P-450 enzyme (CYP) mediating this reaction. This study identified the relevant CYP using virus expressed isolated human CYP, human liver microsomes and rat liver microsomes with chemical inhibition studies. The substrate of 4-methylaminantipyrine was employed at six different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 400, 800 and 1200 µmol per l) with varying concentrations of selective inhibitors of CYP1A2 (furafylline, fluvoxamine), CYP3A4 (ketoconazole), CYP2A6 (coumarin), CYP2D6 (quinidine), CYP2C19 (omeprazole, fluvoxamine, tranylcypromine), CYP2C9 (sulphaphenazole) and CYP1A1 (alpha-naphthoflavone). 4-MAA and 4-AA were analyzed by HPLC and enzyme kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) were determined by regression (Sigma plot 9.0). The N-demethylation of 4-MAA by microsomes prepared from baculovirus expressing human CYP was pronounced with CYP2C19. Intrinsic clearance of the most active enzymes were 0.092, 0.027 and 0.026 for the CYP enzymes 2C19, 2D6 and 1A2, respectively. Metabolism by human liver microsomes was strongly inhibited by fluvoxamin, omeprazole and tranylcypromine (IC50 of 0.07, 0.07 and 0.18, respectively) but with coumarin, sulphaphenazole, ketoconazole, moclobemid, quinidine alpha-naphthoflavone and furafylline were 0.79, 1.20, 1.36, 1.44, 3.46, 4.68 and 8.41, respectively. The enzyme CYP2C19 apparently has an important role in N-demethylation of 4-methylaminoantipyrine which should be further analyzed in clinical studies and which may also be interesting concerning the agranulocytosis.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Currently, vehicle to vehicle communication is an important application and thrust area of research. In this paper the author highlighted the workings, executions, implementations and the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in transport management and vehicle to vehicle communication systems. The main advantage of this Industry 4.0 based IoT technology is that it helps us to reduce road traffic and accidents. The limitations of GPS like accuracy, precision, effective analysis, etc. has led to the evolution of Mobile based V2V communication which is more effective, error proof, result oriented and smart. For proper analysis of traffic vehicle to vehicle communication is established. Random Data from vehicles taken by numerous sensors. Any car coming in its variety could effortlessly share the data by either of two cars nearby. With the help of vehicle to vehicle communication we can provide a path of emergency vehicles to reach the destination quickly. Based on the V2V application, Red and Green signals can be marked on the path as per traffic density and the emergency vehicle can take the shortest, fastest and low density route. Similar such examples are elaborated in the current research manuscript that will help the researcher in effectively finding the research gap for further advancement, analysis, innovation and optimization.

Vartika agarwal

Rural Self Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs) functions as a structural framework for skill development & entrepreneurship development training laid down by Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India in the year 2009. The concept of RSETI is bagged from the RUDSETIs (Rural Development & Self Employment Training Institutes), the brain child of Dr. D. Veerendra Heggade. RSETIs have 65 approved courses as per National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) under which they offer different types of Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP). All the programmes are short term residential training with 2 (two) years hand holding support. State Level Bankers Committee data revealed that through the RSETI training, huge number of unemployed youths started their own enterprise with or without bank finance and also getting the scopes of Self-employment. This particular study took a humble effort to publicize the role of TGB-RSETI in Tripura in respect to unemployment reduction through entrepreneurship development. The entire study is based on secondary data (2009-10 to 2022-23) retrieved from SBLC, Tripura website data.

Md. abdur rahman choudhury

The objective of the paper is to predict corporate bankruptcy of selected telecom service sector companies. The study ranges for a period of ten years from 2006-2007 to 2015-2016 for three selected telecom service sector. By applying Altman's Z-score model the study analyze the financial position of the companies and suggests the financial components to be concentrated to improve the financial health. Further the study suggests that the companies should regularly estimate Z-score for making strategies to improve their financial position.

Dr. jeyalakshmi p

Lymphoma, the most common form of blood cancer, affects primarily the intricate network of tissues and organs known as the lymphatic system. Globally, it ranks among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Although conventional therapies have led to significant advancements, they are accompanied by adverse side effects and present challenges in cases of multidrug resistance, refractory patients, and relapses. This highlights a pressing need for innovative treatment approaches. Extensive research on the anti-lymphoma properties of natural compounds has particularly focused on marine organisms as valuable sources for potential medicinal agents. Among these, anticancer peptides have garnered attention due to their multiple beneficial effects against cancer, coupled with reduced toxicity to normal cells. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-lymphoma effects of marine peptides, examining the diverse pathways through which these peptides impact physiological processes. Key effects include modulation of cell viability, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, antimitotic activity, immunotherapeutic properties, disruption of mitochondrial function and induction of oxidative stress, cancer cell membrane destruction, and interference with microtubule stability. The review also highlights the antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) derived from marine peptides and their synergistic effects with other anti-lymphoma medications. This knowledge should inspire future study and development of these prospective therapeutic modalities and hasten the investigation and creation of novel lymphoma remedies derived from marine sources.

Dr. salman ahmed

The seed flours of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc., Phaseolus lunatus Linn., and Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. were investigated for their total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents by HPLC. The total oxalate content of Macrotyloma uniflorum, Phaseolus lunatus and Phaseolus vulgaris were 1.24, 1.77 and 1.71 mg/ g, respectively. The % age of soluble oxalate was Macrotyloma uniflorum (19.50), Phaseolus lunatus (15.08) and Phaseolus vulgaris (15.88). The calculated soluble oxalate: calcium ratio of all tested legume flours is lesser than one and hence will not create any resistance in calcium bioavailability.

Dr. salman ahmed

Diabetic foot ulcers are moderately severe complications in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, with peripheral neuropathy and angiopathy often serving as risk factors. This study aimed to examine the clinical characteristics and risk factors linked to diabetic foot ulcers in type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals within the Pakistani demographic. A retrospective cross-sectional design was used, to analyze the medical files of 68 diabetic foot ulcer patients. Data were collected from the Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Chaudhary Muhammad Akram Teaching and Research Hospital, Lahore Pakistan from Sept. to Dec. 2024. Patients’ clinical profiles, including demographic data, diabetes duration, diabetes control, HbA1c levels, and the presence of comorbidities were all evaluated. Out of the 68 patients, 70.6% were male having a mean age of 55.6±11.7 years, and 55.9% had diabetes for seven years or more. With regard to clinical factors, 61.8% had peripheral neuropathy, 58.8% had hypertension, 47.1% had retinopathy, 26.5% had nephropathy, 20.6% had ischemic stroke, 8.8% had ischemic heart disease, and 2.9% had hypothyroidism, with 97.1% showing poor glycemic control. This study identified a high rate of comorbidities in patients with diabetic foot ulcers, with inadequate diabetes control being a major contributing factor. Timely detection and management of diabetes and its complications are crucial to alleviating the impact of diabetic foot ulcers.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Background: Preanalytical variability due to anticoagulant choice remains inadequately characterized in resource-limited tropical settings like Yemen, where environmental stressors exacerbate challenges. This study aimed to compare the stability and cost-effectiveness of K₂EDTA and K₃EDTA anticoagulants for complete blood count testing under simulated Yemeni conditions. Methods: Prospective study of 100 healthy adult male volunteers in Ad’Dla Governorate, Yemen (January–March 2025). Paired samples in K₂EDTA/K₃EDTA tubes were analyzed at baseline (T0) and after 6-hour storage at 22 ± 2°C (T6). Statistical analysis included Bonferroni-corrected repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t-tests. Results: Fresh samples showed high inter-anticoagulant concordance (ICC > 0.90). After 6-hour storage, K₂EDTA exhibited significant Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) reduction (Δ = −2.33 fL, p < 0 xss=removed xss=removed xss=removed> 2 hours), while K₃EDTA is preferable for immediate analysis. These findings provide preliminary guidance for hematology testing in Yemeni laboratories and similar tropical settings, pending validation in diverse populations and extreme conditions.

Karishma

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the Antiparkinson activity of Allium sativum in Haloperidol induced Parkinson‟s disease in mice. Method: Parkinson‟s disease was induced by administering haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg i.p.) Daily for a week. The mice were divided into 5 group (n=6). Group II received haloperidol (2mg/kg body weight).Group III received combination of levodopa and carbidopa (100mg+ 10mg/kg by i.p along with haloperidol) and Group IV and V received Allium sativum extract (200 and 400mg/kg by p.o), respectively for 7 days along with haloperidol. To evaluate the antiparkinson effect of Allium sativum, catalepsy bar test, rotarod test, hang test and horizontal bar test were used. One way ANOVA was used to test statistical significance followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison tests .Results: Allium sativum extract (200 and 400mg/kg by p.o) was found to decrease the duration of catalepsy significantly (P<0.001) in catalepsy bar test as compared to haloperidol group, and significantly increases (P<0.001) fall off time in, rotarod test, hang test and horizontal bar test respectively as compared to haloperidol group. Conclusion: The result of the present study conclusively shows the Antiparkinson‟s activity of Allium sativum in haloperidol induced Parkinson‟s disease in mice.

Zeenath banu

Peripheral nerves are more prone to damage during trauma. Though nerve grafts are used as an alternative method in treating it, the results are purely ambiguous. One such modern approach to treat peripheral nerve injury is bone marrow differentiated neuronal cells. Our present aim is to study the effect of in-vitro differentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury in rats. Six weeks old rat weighing 80 gm was used for isolation and culture of BMSCs. The second passage cells were taken for neuronal differentiation. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were performed with Anti goat IgG antibody indirectly conjugated with FITC to express nestin. In vitro differentiated BMSC along with PLGA Scaffold is injected into the site of peripheral nerve injury and the results were studied by ENMG, microdissection, and histopathology. The cells were expressed with Nestin goat polyclonal antibody. At the end of the second week, the rat reveals increased amplitude (8.3 mv) with decreased latency (0.8 ms) of the peripheral nerve. Micro dissection confirms the neuronal continuity of the injured peripheral nerve. Histopathology distinctly exhibit increased myelination and decreased endoneuronal space. In conclusion, neuronal differentiated BMSC, regenerate peripheral nerve injury faster than conventional methods and can be applied as an alternate therapy in peripheral nerve repair.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Epithelial cells, lining the skin and internal organs, play a crucial role as protective barriers and regulators of substance transport. Traditionally, these cells were not considered to employ electrical signaling for communication. However, recent investigations have unveiled that epithelial cells generate slow electrical signals, termed the "silent scream," in response to injury, thus challenging conventional views of intercellular communication. A recent experimental investigation provided compelling evidence for this phenomenon, demonstrating the ability of these cells to transmit electrical signals over considerable distances within the epithelium. The research utilized microelectrode array chips to precisely detect subtle electrical events in keratinocytes and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, revealing spiking activity characterized by slow propagation speeds, distinct from the rapid action potentials of neurons. The mechanisms underlying this novel signaling are explored, focusing on the involvement of mechanosensitive ion channels, calcium signaling, and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release. Calcium ions, well-established intracellular messengers, appear to play a central role in this biological phenomenon. Integrating this newly discovered communication mode into the existing understanding of skin cell biology reveals a more intricate picture of how skin senses and responds to its environment. The implications of this finding extend to various facets of skin physiology and pathology, including wound healing, inflammation, and skin aging. In wound healing, where endogenous electric fields guide cell migration and promote repair, this unique type of electrical signaling potentially plays a crucial part. Furthermore, aberrant electrical signaling might contribute to chronic inflammatory conditions, and age-related changes in this signaling could underlie the functional decline observed in aged skin. The potential for other environmental stressors to trigger the epithelial-generated electric signals also warrants investigation. The exploration concludes by discussing potential technological applications, such as bioelectric sensors and enhanced wound healing therapies, and future research directions aimed at further elucidating the molecular mechanisms and functional roles of this non-excitable cell electrophysiology.

Mostafa eissa

Giving stimulus from educators in the form of giving appreciation and punishment will greatly affect the way of thinking and behavior of students in achieving the goals of character education that have been set. This study aims to describe the implementation of reward and punishment in shaping the character of students' discipline. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of case study. Methods of data collection using interviews, observation and documentation. The validity of the data used source triangulation and technical triangulation. The results of this study indicate: (1) The implementation of rewards in shaping the discipline character of students is done by giving rewards in the form of praise and giving appreciation in the form of gifts. (2) The implementation of punishment in shaping the disciplinary character of students is carried out by giving gradual warnings, giving spontaneous warnings and written warning letters. (3) Evaluation of the implementation of rewards and punishments in shaping the character of students' discipline is using process evaluation, which is an assessment carried out during the learning process by observing the attitudes of students everyday when they are in the madrasa environment.. Pemberian stimulus dari pendidik berupa pemberian apresiasi dan hukuman akan sangat mempengaruhi cara berpikir dan tingkah laku peserta didik dalam mencapai tujuan pendidikan karakter yang sudah ditetapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi reward dan punishment dalam membentuk karakter disiplin peserta didik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi tehnik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan: (1) Implementasi reward dalam membentuk karakter kedisiplinan peserta didik dilakukan dengan memberikan reward dalam bentuk pujian serta memberikan apresiasi dalam bentuk hadiah. (2) Implementasi punishment dalam membentuk karakter kedisiplinan peserta didik dilakukan dengan cara memberi peringatan secara bertahap, memberi teguran spontan dan surat peringatan tertulis. (3) Evaluasi implementasi reward dan punishment dalam membentuk karakter kedisiplinan peserta didik adalah menggunakan evaluasi proses, yaitu penilaian yang dilakukan di saat proses pembelajaran berlangsung dengan mengamati dari sikap peserta didik sehari-hari ketika berada di lingkungan madrasah.

Educare: journal of primary education

Medical research is defined as "all scholarly activities that deal with any of the areas of studies being conducted in the pre, para, and clinical areas being taught in a medical school". Such a definition is somewhat arbitrary, as medical research covers a much larger field and ultimately affects every individual. The results of research activities are directly translated into social action, such as pollution control, vaccinations, mass fluoridation and nutritional improvements. The eradication of diseases like smallpox, poliomyelitis and plague, the decline in the death rate from infectious and cardiovascular diseases, and the diagnosis of genetic disorders are some examples of how medical research helps to provide improved health care. Thus, the wealth of medical knowledge that grows through the process of discovery and research development becomes part of daily living. The aim of scientific research is always to extend the frontiers of knowledge and to discover rational correlations and principles [1, 2]. Medical research can be divided into biomedical (basic medical), clinical, and health science research. The areas overlap each other and health science research has a component of social research. Experimental research covers areas such as physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pharmacology and pathology and is relatively easy to conduct. If adequate financial support is obtained, the necessary infrastructure for laboratory research could be built and experimental animals maintained in an animal house. For clinical research, the patients with a particular disease are the direct object of study. This type of research involves dealing with the clinical picture, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the disease. Dealing with human beings requires stringent regulations and precautions to be observed. It requires setting up a research team in the hospital to monitor and chart out guidelines involving the ethical dimension of the problem to be studied and maintain a systematic medical recording system. Moreover, it is through a prolonged study of a large number of cases of the same disease that clinical research learns to predict the likely prognosis and judge the efficacy of the treatment. This type of research activity has limitations in the form of having a restricted number of cases of the disease under investigation, a need to update one's knowledge concerning laboratory techniques from which he obtains his 'cues', and the longer time interval required to complete the work. Health science research is a recent development of medical research due to the demands placed on many health services. More often basic medical and clinical research go hand in hand and are inseparable. Furthermore, clinical research workers often conduct studies on experimental animals, due to either the limited number of human cases or for ethical considerations.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Plants are an ancient source of medicine due to the presence of bioactive molecules of various compounds in their different parts. Convolvulus dorycnium plant belongs to the family of wind plants (convolvulaceae). The greatest variety of Convolvulus plants are broadly distributed over the world and was found in Western and Central Asia, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, East Africa, and Arabia. The plant C. dorycnium was collected from Tarhuna in Sidi Said area of Libya in May 2013. Plants belonging to Convolvulus genus contain various phytochemicals profiles. The focus of this study is on the phytochemical analysis of convolvulus dorycnium including phytochemical screening, extraction, isolation, and characterization. The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, carbohydrate, and coumarin in ethyl acetate and methanolic extract. Column chromatography and column chromatography and TLC were used to fractionate the ethyl acetate extract and H-NMR was used to elucidate the isolated compounds. Some compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of the plant; scopoletin, which is a phenolic coumarin (1) (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin), caffeic acid (2) (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid), and ferulic acid (3) (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid) which are phenolic acids. The chemical constituents present in the extract have been reported to possess many biological activities

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Oxidative stress is due to altered levels of prooxidants and anti-oxidants in the body. This can lead to tissue damage especially the central nervous system. Oxidative damage has been implicated in several disorders including some psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Uric acid is an anti-oxidant which prevents tissue damage caused by oxidative stress. In this review, the reduced levels of serum uric acid in schizophrenia and depression are discussed. The effect of treatment in these disorders leading to increased serum uric acid levels are also reviewed.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

This paper examines India’s diplomatic stance towards Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories, focusing on the complexities of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and India’s historical relations with both sides. The issue of Israeli settlements has been an issue and a obstacle to peace in the region. As a prominent global player and staunch supporter of Palestinian rights, India finds itself in the delicate position of balancing its traditional support for the Palestinian cause with its growing strategic ties with Israel.The article delves into the evolving dynamics of India’s foreign policy and the factors influencing its stance on Israeli settlements. Analyses India’s historical suppor t for Palestinian self-determination and its voting record in international forums not supporting Israeli settlements. It also examines India’s growing economic and defence cooperation with Israel, which complicates its position on the issue of settlements.

Dr gedam kamalakar

Ageing is an inevitable phenomenon. Similar to other organs, skin is also subject to an intrinsic ageing process. Additionally, skin ageing is also influenced by various environmental factors. Existing conventional formulations have limited efficacy because skin serves as a rate limiting barrier for percutaneous absorption of drugs. This has led to the evolution of various novel drug delivery systems. Among these liposomes have received considerable attention due to the numerous advantages they offer. Liposomes, submicroscopic spherical vesicles, were discovered in 1960’s. Since then, they have gained popularity as potential carriers for drugs, diagnostics, nutrients, vaccines and other bioactive agents. Liposomes find applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and other industrial fields. Various topical actives that have been found to be efficacious in delaying the signs of ageing have been formulated as liposomes resulting in enhanced delivery, biocompatibility, and reduced toxicity. This review focusses on therapeutic use of liposomes in skin ageing.

Aparajita varshney

Madrasah Ibtidaiyah KAHASRI merupakan lembaga yang ditunjuk oleh Kementerian Agama RI untuk melaksanakan Kurikulum 2013 atau yang disebut K13 baik pada pembelajaran tematik maupun pembelajaran agama sesuai dengan Keputusan Direktur Jendral Pendidikan Islam Nomor 3525 tahun 2017 tentang Penetapan Pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, maka fokus penelitian adalah: 1) Bagaimana perencanaan pembelajaran kurikulum 2013 di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah KAHASRI Kota Probolinggo Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019? 2) Bagaimana pelaksanaan pembelajaran kurikulum 2013 di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah KAHASRI Kota Probolinggo Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019?, 3) Bagaimana evaluasi pembelajaran kurikulum 2013 di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah KAHASRI Kota Probolinggo Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019? Hasil penelitiannya adalah: 1) Perencanaan pembelajaran K13, guru di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah KAHASRI Kota Probolinggo membuat perangkat pembelajaran berupa Kalender Pendidikan, RPE, Prota, Promes, Silabus, dan RPP. Dalam pembuatan perangkat pembelajaran ada guru yang membuat perangkat pembelajaran secara individu dan ada yang dengan bersama KKG (Kelompok Kerja Guru). (2) Pelaksanaan pembelajaran K13 di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah KAHASRI Kota Probolinggo memiliki 3 kegiatan yaitu, kegiatan pendahuluan, inti, dan penutup. Pada kegiatan pendahuluan diawali dengan memberikan apersepsi, memberikan stimulus/motivasi, menyampaikan tujuan dan manfaat pembelajaran. Pada kegiatan inti guru telah melakukan kegiatan saintifik yang meliputi kegiatan mengamati, menanya, mencoba, mengasosiasi/mengumpulkan, dan mengkomunikasikan. Pada kegiatan penutup dilakukan dengan membuat kesimpulan dari materi yang telah dipelajari, merefleksikan materi yang diajarkan, dan memberikan tindak lanjut berupa penugasan. (3) Evaluasi pembelajaran K13 di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah KAHASRI Kota Probolinggo menggunakan model penilaian autentik yang meliputi 3 aspek yaitu: aspek sikap, aspek pengetahuan, dan aspek keterampilan.

Educare: journal of primary education