Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), with a mandate to provide at least hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose members above the age of eighteen years volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The main focus of the act is to facilitate the social protection for the people living in rural India by providing employment opportunities and therefore contributing towards the overall development of the local people. The present study was attempted to figure out the impact of MGNREGA on overall economic and social development of beneficiaries in Gobichettipalayam, Erode district of Tamilnadu.. The results found the MGNREGA has significantly improved their social and economic well-being. The study also has highlighted on the fact that agricultural wages have gone up after the introduction on MGNREGA scheme in the current area.

Nandini jagannarayan

Cet article s’intéresse à la fréquence, aux fonctions de l’alternance codique chez l’enseignant d’espagnol en classe de quatrième (débutants) et aux activités pédagogiques au cours desquelles apparaît ce phénomène de contact de langue. Notre investigation porte sur 80 enseignants d’espagnol et 1000 élèves hispanophones de la région de San Pedro en Côte d’Ivoire. Pour ce faire, nous avons opté pour l’analyse quantitative et qualitative. La première méthode par le biais du logiciel SPSS a permis de constituer une base de données. Ainsi, il ressort que 51 soit 63,1% des enseignants utilisent 5 à 10 % du temps du cours pour s’exprimer en français. Aussi, ces enseignants alternent-ils plus ces deux langues pendant les activités de compréhensions de texte, et vocabulaire soit 32,1% de l’effectif. Quant à l’analyse qualitative de type conversationnel, elle a servi à proposer quelques fonctions d’alternance codiques pendant les activités d’interaction.

Assanvo

Background: Ending open defecation has been identified as a top priority for reducing global inequalities in water and sanitation (WASH). It is explicitly referenced in sustainable development goals (SDGs) target 6.2 and closely associated with more comprehensive efforts to end extreme poverty by 2030. Since 2000, the global rate of open defecation has decreased from 21% to 9% (0.7 percentage points per year). However, the 673 million people still practicing open defecation in 2017 were increasingly concentrated in a small number of countries, and these will need to be the primary focus of efforts to end open defecation by 2030. Objectives: To study the socio-economic background of Adivasis, to study the status of sanitation in rural areas, to examine whether economic conditions affect open defecation, to examine whether better sanitation facilities improve health conditions and to examine whether improved sanitation facilities impact the quality of life and thereby dignity of tribal women. Methods: Essentially it is an empirical study and a multi-stage random sample design was adopted. Data were collected from 120 sample households from two villages, i.e., Bandarigudem and Nadikudi of Khammam districts in Telangana State through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools like frequency distribution, percentages, cross-tabulation with Chi-Square test, and a case study method were used. Results & Discussion: This paper found that 35% of Adivasis have health problems, and 73% said that they are getting treatment with RMP. 87% have toilet facility and more than 12% still defecate openly. 18.3% said that they faced different problems at open defecation, and 50% of women not using sanitary napkins. Nearly 90% of respondents wash their hands after toilets and coming from outside of the home. Ten per cent of respondents said that they do not have an awareness of sanitation. Therefore, the study confirmed that the sanitation facilities considerably made the women's dignity and quality of life better in the study area. Moreover, four case studies also focused on open defecation problems in the study area.

B suresh lal

Background Type 2 diabetes and obesity are serious public health concerns globally and a growing burden in Africa. Both conditions have serious repercussions on health when they co-occur, yet the extent of their co-occurrence in Africa remains unknown. Therefore, this review aimed to identify the prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among persons with type 2 diabetes in Africa. Method A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, African Index Medicus (AIM), and African Journals Online (AJOL) for observational studies that reported the prevalence of overweight and/or obesity among type 2 diabetes patients in Africa. The prevalence data from individual studies were aggregated through a random-effects meta-analysis. The I2 statistic was used to evaluate between-studies heterogeneity, while subgroup analysis and mixed-effects meta-regression were performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. We assessed publication bias using funnel plots and Egger’s test. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results Of 1753 records retrieved, 80 articles were eligible for this review, with 74 cross-sectional studies included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35.6% and 25.6% respectively, while the overall prevalence of both overweight and obesity was 61.4%. Also, the pooled prevalence of both overweight and obesity across the five geographical areas in Africa ranged from 56.9% in East Africa to 88.5% in Southern Africa. Nineteen factors were significantly associated with overweight and obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion The high prevalence of overweight and obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes is a significant public health concern that transcends geographical boundaries within Africa. The findings from this review highlight the need for innovative weight management interventions that are tailored to the cultural context of the African setting

Emmanuel ekpor

E-learning is the latest buzz word since the spread of Information Technology (IT). In a Country like India, a lot of jobs are being generated through IT. E-learning has contributed to this learning curve of the candidates. The students are still more familiar with the traditional mode of teaching which offline mode. Some have accepted both. The reach of online mode of learning needs to be assessed. This paper tries to find the learning preference of students in Kerala. Also certain factors that contribute to the preference of online learning has also been identified. Covid-19 has impacted the education sector in a big way. As we look into the future, the relevance of online learning has increased but the offline mode which was the traditional mode of learning and teaching, has not lost its place among this Information Technology era

Dr.ranjith somasundaran chakkambath

X-ray crystallography has been central to the development of many fields of science over the past century. It has now matured to a point that as long as good-quality crystals are available, their atomic structure can be routinely determined in three dimensions. However, many samples in physics, chemistry, materials science, nanoscience, geology, and biology are noncrystalline, and thus their three-dimensional structures are not accessible by traditional x-ray crystallography. Overcoming this hurdle has required the development of new coherent imaging methods to harness new coherent x-ray light sources. Here we review the revolutionary advances that are transforming x-ray sources and imaging in the 21st century.

Nima fahimian, md

Beetroot is vegetable containing phytochemical ingredients with potent antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is key drivers in the pathophysiology of some metabolic syndromes. Its effect on the progress of induced metabolic syndrome has, however, hardly been investigated. Thus, this study aims to determine the effect of beetroot extract on various biophysical components of metabolic syndrome in rat. Following ethical approval, 50 Wister albino rats were used in this study and divided into three groups: Group A: rats were put on a high-fat-high-fructose (HFHF) diet; Group B: rats were put on an HFHF + fresh beetroot extract while group C: rats were the control group and were given a normal diet. The animals’ body weights and fasting blood sugar were taken fortnightly. Five rats from each group were then sacrificed at weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16 and the following parameters were measured: liver volume, fasting lipid profile, hepatic transaminases and blood platelet level. Compared to the HFHF group, beetroot supplementation resulted in a significant attenuation of overall weight gain (56.91% vs. 34.51%; p < 0> 0.05). Beetroot supplementation further ameliorated the thrombocytopenia caused by an HFHF. Beetroot juice supplementation attenuated the attendant effects of induced metabolic syndrome which might contribute towards averting the consequential cardiovascular sequel. Thus, lifestyle modification comprising beetroot intake as a dietary supplementation may alleviate metabolic syndrome and may offer a potential non-medical adjunct in the routine management of metabolic syndrome.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

A P2P network can be an ad hoc connection- a couple of computers connected via a Universal Serial Bus to transfer files. And these networks are vulnerable to peers. The traditional security techniques are insufficient for P2P networks as they are insecure by their very nature. There’s no centralized server controlling access to shared resources in a P2P network which have unique challenges including identity management of the peers, secure reputation data management, Sybil attacks, and above all, availability of reputation data. The future actions are predicted where peers are encapsulated in its digital reputation, based on the past behaviour of the peer.Thus a peer’s reputation allows it to cooperate and prevent from malicious activities. The cryptographic protocol is coupled with selfcertification and cryptographic mechanisms for identity management and countering Sybil attack.

Dr h shaheen

Efforts to understand the causes of poverty, how poverty is perceived have become important in the fight to mitigate poverty. In Vietnam, studies on the attitudes of poverty in specific populations, such as Vietnamese students, are rare. Thus, this dataset reports the results collected from 180 social work students and non-social work students of Ho Chi Minh City Open University through attitudes toward poverty and poor people in Vietnam. The Attitude toward Poverty Short Form 21-item scale, developed by Yun & Weaver, was used for the data collection. The survey results showed that when looking for causes of poverty, social work students and non-social work students put the most emphasis on structural factors of poverty. However, social work students, compared with non-social work students, consider personal deficiency and stigma more important. In future, this dataset can serve as a reference source for comparative studies on student’ attitudes toward poverty and impoverished persons and for social work education.

Le minh tien

Social bots are computer programs created for automating general human activities like the generation of messages. The rise of bots in social network platforms has led to malicious activities such as content pollution like spammers or malware dissemination of misinformation. Most of the researchers focused on detecting bot accounts in social media platforms to avoid the damages done to the opinions of users. In this work, n-gram based approach is proposed for a bot or human detection. The content-based features of character n-grams and word n-grams are used. The character and word n-grams are successfully proved in various authorship analysis tasks to improve accuracy. A huge number of n-grams is identified after applying different pre-processing techniques. The high dimensionality of features is reduced by using a feature selection technique of the Relevant Discrimination Criterion. The text is represented as vectors by using a reduced set of features. Different term weight measures are used in the experiment to compute the weight of n-grams features in the document vector representation. Two classification algorithms, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest are used to train the model using document vectors. The proposed approach was applied to the dataset provided in PAN 2019 competition bot detection task. The Random Forest classifier obtained the best accuracy of 0.9456 for bot/human detection.

Chandra sekhar sanaboina

Background The prevalence of diabetes is escalating globally, underscoring the need for comprehensive evidence to inform health systems in effectively addressing this epidemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of countries’ capacity to manage diabetes using latent class analysis (LCA) and to determine whether the patterns are associated with diabetes-related deaths and healthcare costs. Methods Eight indicators of country-level capacity were drawn from the World Health Organization Global Health Observatory dataset: the widespread availability of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) testing, existence of diabetes registry, national diabetes management guidelines, national strategy for diabetes care, blood glucose testing, diabetic retinopathy screening, sulfonylureas, and metformin in the public health sector. We performed LCA of these indicators, testing 1–5 class solutions, and selecting the best model based on Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), entropy, corrected Akaike Information Criteria (cAIC), as well as theoretical interpretability. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the association between capacity to manage diabetes (based on the latent class a country belongs) and diabetes-related deaths and healthcare costs. Results We included 194 countries in this secondary analysis. Countries were classified into “high capacity” (88.7%) and “limited capacity” (11.3%) countries based on the two-class solution of the LCA (entropy = 0.91, cAIC = 1895.93, BIC = 1862.93). Limited capacity countries were mostly in Africa. Limited capacity countries had significantly higher percentage of their deaths attributable to diabetes (adjusted beta = 1.34; 95% CI: 0.15, 2.53; p = 0.027) compared to high capacity countries even after adjusting for income status and diabetes prevalence. Conclusions Our findings support the report by the Lancet commission on diabetes, which suggests that differences in diabetes outcomes among countries may be explained by variations in the capacity of and investments made in their health systems. Future studies should evaluate initiatives such as the WHO Global Diabetes Compact that are currently underway to improve the capacity of resource-limited countries.

Emmanuel ekpor

Most of mosquito-repellent products and devices are made up of synthetic materials presenting market which causes various harmful effects on human beings. The resistance can be developed by the mosquito due to continuous exposure at high doses. Hence, the present research work represents the development and evaluation of mosquito repellent sticks with the help of various herbal products such as starch powder, wood powder, charcoal powder, eucalyptus oil, coconut oil, lavender oil, lemongrass and cinnamon oil, peppermint and citronella, neem oil making them ozone-friendly, financial effective, non-harmful.

Archana mehrotra

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the association of organic farming to strengthen the sustainability of organic agriculture. Organic agriculture shows abundant benefits, as it reduces many of the environmental impacts of conventional agriculture, it can increase efficiency in small farmers’ fields, and it reduces reliance on costly external inputs, and guarantees price premiums for organic products. Organic farmers also profit from farmer cooperative and the formation of social networks, which enhances good access to instruction, credit and welfare services. This paper brings out how the function of organic farming contributes for the sustainable practices and improving environment conservation, animal welfare, and product quality.

Svedbergopen

Subcutaneous emphysema is defined as a trapped air in tissues under the skin. This entity most often occurs in the chest wall and neck but can infrequently happen in other parts of the body like the orbital area [1]. The main mechanism of subcutaneous emphysema is the traumatic damage of the anatomical air-filled cavities or canals. Most of the rare, reported cases of orbital and periorbital emphysema were described in adults as complications of several types of traumas, including direct trauma, recent or previous surgery [2,3], barotrauma secondary to non-invasive ventilation, such as continuous positive airway pressure therapy [4], and even post forceful noseblowing [5]. In this report, we described the first reported case of post-vomiting subcutaneous emphysema surrounding the medial canthus of the right eye in a 10-year-old boy.

Karishma

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept with many definitions and practices. The way it is understood and implemented differs greatly for each company and country. Moreover, CSR is a very broad concept that addresses many and various topics such as human rights, corporate governance, health and safety, environmental effects, working conditions and contribution to economic development. Whatever the definition is, the purpose of CSR is to drive change towards sustainability. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is now seen as an integral part of corporate strategy. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities carried out by Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL). An empirical and analytical study was undertaken whereby the corporate official websites of the companies were analyzed. The most preferred CSR activities were observed to be women empowerment, self-employment, health hygiene and environment. The challenge for the companies is to determine a strong and innovative CSR strategy which should deliver high performance in ethical, environmental and social areas and meet all the stakeholders’ objectives.

Thara s shetty

The present study evaluates the efficacy of Vilanterol-Fluticasone Furoate (VI-FF) versus Formoterol-Budesonide (FM-BD) combination therapy in stable asthma. Both regimens led to significant improvements in asthma control, as evidenced by marked increases in FEV1 (% predicted) and ACT scores over time. The demographic characteristics, baseline respiratory symptoms, and treatment outcomes were similar between the groups, indicating that both strategies were equally effective for managing asthma. The findings indicate that both VI-FF once daily and FM-BD twice daily therapies enhance lung function and asthma control. Significant improvements in FEV1 (% predicted) and ACT scores were observed in both groups, as confirmed by intention-to-treat (ITT) and perprotocol (PPA) analyses. The equivalent efficacy of VI-FF and FM-BD, combined with the convenience of once-daily dosing, suggests that VI-FF may be preferable for patients who struggle with a twice-daily regimen. These findings highlight VI-FF as a convenient and reliable treatment, particularly can benefit patients with adherence challenges. In conclusion, our study's findings align well with other studies regarding demographic characteristics, baseline symptoms, exacerbation history, hospitalization history, and spirometry results. This consistency reinforces the validity and reliability of our results, suggesting that both VI-FF and FM-BD are effective options for stable asthma. The comparable efficacy supports flexibility in treatment choices, allowing for personalized asthma management. Future research should explore the long-term benefits and adherence patterns associated with these treatments to further optimize asthma management.

Dr k c yadav

Critical race theory (CRT) is an intellectual movement that seeks to understand how white supremacy as a legal, cultural, and political condition is reproduced and maintained, primarily in the US context. While CRT is part of a much longer research tradition investigating race and racism, which includes such key fgures as W. E. B. Du Bois, Frantz Fanon, Angela Davis, Audre Lorde, Gloria Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, and many more, CRT distinguishes itself as an approach that originated within legal studies (in part building from and responding to critical legal studies); aims to be a vehicle for social and political change; has been adopted interdisciplinarily across many fields, including perhaps most notably education; and, in certain contexts, has come to be the umbrella term for studies of race and racism generally. CRT originated as an extension and critique of critical legal studies (CLS). It was also an outgrowth of Marxist critical theory that challenged the rationality, impartiality, and purpose of the legal system. According to the tenets of both CRT and CLS, the legal system is a political and ideological institution that, in part, rationalizes and justifies the existence of the state. Te legal system also requires mastery of an arcane and intentionally inaccessible vocabulary and a set of knowledge and power processes that limit ordinary people’s access to it. Te arbiters of law pretend to rely on reason but actually rely on subjective, politically motivated, culturally biased, and quasi-religious rationale for making and enforcing their decisions. CRT maintains the critique of legalistic thinking found in critical legal studies, but then adds a framework for understanding white supremacy as an immutable fact of a neocolonial state, as well as a praxis for changing it. What separates CRT from other forms of racial critique is that, “Unlike most of the earlier genres of race cholarship, critical race scholarship does not treat race as an independent variable; rather, it regards race as a site of struggle” (Orbe & Allen, 2008, p. 209).

Kamal singh

Étudier les phénomènes grammaticaux actuels sans s’interroger sur la longue trajectoire historique qui a servi de support et de canal au français moderne manquerait de pertinence. En effet, une telle étude permet une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes linguistiques contemporains. Ainsi, notre domaine de recherche, la linguistique diachronique, met l’accent sur les connaissances étymologiques de la langue. Il s’agira, pour les besoins de l’article, de rendre compte de l’évolution morphologique du présent de l’indicatif depuis le latin jusqu’au français moderne. Notre curiosité nous poussera à nous interroger sur les raisons qui expliquent l’écart morphologique du présent de l’indicatif entre le latin et le français moderne. En sus, l’étude des variations diachroniques du présent de l’indicatif renseigne sur les formes actuelles de ce temps verbal. Du latin au français moderne, le présent de l’indicatif subit des flottements aussi bien dans ses radicaux que dans ses désinences. Ceci met en chef l’écart formel existant entre le présent latin et celui du français actuel. Toutefois, les phonèmes subirent des transformations selon qu’ils étaient toniques ou atones, radicaux ou désinentiels. Certaines formes se sont maintenues avec modification ou non de sons; d’autres ont complètement disparues du système. Suivant un ordre chronologique et des lois phonétiques cohérentes, nous montrerons que les formes actuelles du temps le plus usuel du système, le présent, ne sont pas le fruit du hasard. De ce fait, la langue moderne gagnerait à revisiter la morphologie des temps verbaux depuis leur origine pour mieux asseoir les difficultés liées à la conjugaison et fournir une explication authentique sur les variations de forme jusque-là ignorées par certains.

Assanvo

Tracing graduates has become an imperative for higher education institutions much more during the pandemic. This tracer determined the employment and employability status of the 2019 BSE graduates and identified the competencies they adequately acquired and deemed vital for work. It used descriptive design, and data were collected from the 103 graduates through a Google form with open and closed-ended questions administered between November and December 2020. Results revealed that most of the graduates had been employed in teaching and teaching-related jobs but mostly in contractual arrangements within the first and second six months after graduation. Many had their first jobs with meager salaries from the private sector. Communication, pedagogy, information communication technology, time management, and flexibility were the top competencies they adequately acquired and were beneficial in work. The study concluded that these graduates had acquired 21st-century skills in their respective degree programs. These results have corresponding implications for future research in confirming the most employable skills in secondary teaching. As recommended, classroom instruction might emphasize the development of these skills. Eventually, these become the competitive advantage and employability capitals of future graduates. Administering the licensure examination and the release of its results can be done within the first three months after graduation to lessen the cost of waiting.

Manuel caingcoy

Hepatitis B virus infection is a major health problem worldwide. More than 400 million people are suffering from this infectious disease. Alhagi Maurorum (camel thorn, CTE) is used in Libyan folk medicine for hepatitis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the camel thorn on the hepatitis B virus. After a pharmacological and toxicological screening of camel thorns on experimental animals in our laboratories, in an open-label study, 15 patients of either gender were chosen at random with their consent (consent form signed). The patients had no liver cirrhosis and were not alcoholics. Following clinical testing, the patients were given a low, safe dose of camel thorn powder (2.6 g soaked in boiling water for 10 minutes) three times per day for six months. The viral load was measured before treatment and three and six months after the beginning of the experiment by polymerase chain reaction. The complete blood picture, the level of transaminases, bilirubin, creatinine, blood glucose, lipid profile, thyroid function, and prothrombin were assessed before and after three months after the beginning of the experiment. Our data showed no significant changes in the complete blood picture, creatinine, blood urea, glucose level, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lipid profile, prothrombin, and thyroid function. The levels of viral load before, three months after, and six months after the beginning of our study were 1689 ± 289, 558 ± 160, and 271 ± 026 IU per mL, respectively. From this study, we may conclude that the camel thorn is safe and showed activity against viral hepatitis B, however, further investigations are needed by increasing the number of patients and using higher doses of plant extract to explore its mechanism of action. Finally, the mechanism of camel thorn may be related either to its antiviral effect or to the stimulation of either endogenous interferon or the immune system.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences