Management information systems are computer systems within an organisation that incorporate both hardware and software operations. It involves using business processes, people, and technology to collect, record, process, and store essential data that is significant to decision-making processes (Hartanto and Asmuni, 2017, 11). Management information systems are also used to coordinate, analyse, control, and visualise crucial organisational information. The ultimate goal of using MIS within the corporate environment is to increase value creation and profit earnings for businesses.

Zamzam abdelazim

The memory card game is a game that probably everyone played in childhood. The game consists of n pairs of playing cards, whereas each card of a pair is identical. At the beginning of the game, the deck of cards is shuffled and laid face down. In every move of the game, the player flips over two cards. If the cards match, the pair of cards is removed from the game; otherwise, the cards are flipped back over. The game ends when all pairs of cards have been found. The game could be played by one, two, or more players. First, this paper shows an optimal algorithm for solving a single-player memory card game. In the algorithm, we defined four steps where the user needed to remember the earlier shown pairs of cards, which cards were already shown, and the locations of the revealed cards. We marked the memories related to these steps as M1, M2, M3, and M4. Next, we made some simulations as we changed the M1, M2, M3, and M4 memories from no user memory (where the player does not remember the cards or pairs of cards at all) to a perfect user memory (where the player remembers every earlier shown card or pair of cards). With every memory setting, we simulated 1000 gameplays. We recorded how many cards or pairs of cards the player would need to remember and how many moves were required to finish the game. Finally, we evaluated the recorded data, illustrated the results on graphs, and drew some conclusions.

Ladislav végh

A burning sensation on eating spicy foods purportedly supports the role of capsaicin, an active component of chili peppers, in the etiology of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Although the mast cell mediators and activated P2X receptors induce a constant burning sensation through an ATP-dependent mechanism, it is the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV-1) receptor by capsaicin that aggravates it. The molecular basis for the burning pain in OSF is thus attributable to the activation of TRPV1. There is overwhelming evidence that confirms capsaicin has more of a protective role in attenuating fibrosis and is potentially therapeutic in reversing conditions linked to collagen accumulation. The activation of TRPV-1 by capsaicin increases intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), upregulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), to enrich endothelium-dependent vasodilation via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The induction of vasodilation induces antifibrotic effects by alleviating hypoxia. The antifibrotic effects of capsaicin are mediated through the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, downregulation of inflammatory genes and suppression of new collagen fibril formation. Capsaicin also demonstrates an anticarcinogenic effect by upregulating the cytotoxic T cells and downregulating regulatory T cells through the inhibition of angiogenesis and promotion of apoptosis. Judicious administration of capsaicin with an appropriate delivery mechanism may have therapeutic benefits in reducing pain sensation, rendering antifibrotic effects, and preventing the malignant transformation of OSF. This paper provides an overview of the molecular basis of capsaicin and its therapeutic application as an antifibrotic and anticarcinogenic agent for the treatment of OSF

Mohit sharma

Background: Effective disinfection protocols are crucial in healthcare and pharmaceutical settings to mitigate infection and cross-contamination risks, especially with a growing immunocompromised population. Disinfectant efficacy varies, and understanding microbial resistance profiles is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the differential efficacy of ethanol (ET), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and a peracetic acid-hydrogen peroxide (PA+HP) blend against diverse microbial forms (bacterial spores, fungal spores, and vegetative yeast cells) and to analyze differences in susceptibility. Methods: The efficacy of ET, IPA, and PA+HP was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis (bacterial spores), Aspergillus niger (fungal spores), Candida albicans, and Kocuria rosea (vegetative yeast cells). Logarithmic reduction (LR) values from 10 replicates per group were analyzed using nonparametric (Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc) and two-way omnibus tests. Results: The Friedman test revealed significant differences across microbial groups (p < 0.0001). B. subtilis showed maximal susceptibility (LR = 6.70 ± 0.00), while A. niger exhibited minimal susceptibility (LR = 3.77 ± 0.21). ET outperformed IPA against C. albicans (LR = 5.43 vs. 4.91, p = 0.0232). The microbial group accounted for 92.36% of the variance (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Microorganism-specific disinfection strategies were emphasized by the findings. A routine disinfectant evaluation program is crucial to mitigate microbial infection and crosscontamination risk in healthcare settings. The study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate disinfectants based on microbial resistance profiles.

Karishma

The present study reveals that the enriched aerobic cultures of indigenous microbes can be used successfully for decolorizing dye effluents. Physico-chemical analysis of dye effluent revealed high load of pollution indicators. Textile dye effluent and contaminated soils were collected and analyzed for selection of suitable bacteria for dye degradation. The residual bacterial load was found to be in the range of 108 cfu/mL. Six bacterial strains viz., two species of Bacillus, two species of Klebsiella,, one species each of Planococcus and Micrococcus luteus were isolated. The best two dye degraders namely species of Planococcus and Bacillus were further optimized for the effect of carbon and nitrogen source, pH, temperature and percentage of inoculum. The optimized conditions for both the isolates of Planococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. were used in bio-decolorization studies of textile effluent. More than 50% of decolorization was achieved within 4 d of incubation. After 6 d of incubation, decolorization was achieved above 80%. The isolates Planococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. exhibited maximum decolorization ability at pH between 5-8 and temperature 37C. Moreover, 10% (v/v) inoculums, glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources were found to be the optimum for decolorization. Both the isolates showed highest decolorization percentage of Coractive Blue 3R dye effectively during optimization and more interestingly showed consistent decolorization of textile dye throughout the study.

Dr. saranya devi k

Introduction: In Bangladesh, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant health concern contributing to numerous complications that enhance the mortality risk. This study aims to examine the impact of lifestyle patterns, socioeconomic conditions, and comorbidities among diabetic patients to establish valid associations between variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 450 patients with diabetes mellitus at the outpatient department of different hospitals in Bangladesh. Data collection was done through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Results: The study analyzed sociodemographic and lifestyle traits among diabetic patients, categorized by gender and results were based on unadjusted analysis. Men had a higher prevalence of being married (99.4%) compared to women (97.9%). Women were more common in rural areas (67.5%) and less likely to own smartphones (12.3%, vs 24.7% for men). More women were overweight (31.2%) and owned house (92.1%). Clinical symptoms showed no significant gender associations except for headaches, more prevalent in women (OR=0.65; p=0.034). Women had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (48.3%, vs 35.4% for men, OR=0.59; p=0.009), while kidney dysfunction was more prevalent in men (16.5%, vs 9.6% for women, OR=1.86; p=0.032). Allergic problems (20.5%, OR=0.40; p=0.014) and asthma (5.5%, OR=0.22; p=0.029) were more common in women. No association was observed in the occurrence of ulcer with the respondents’ gender. Regarding lifestyle, 50.7% of respondents consumed rice more than once daily, 71.8% did not smoke, and most (59.1%) had a normal BMI. Conclusions: Based on our study findings, men should focus on renal health by refraining from high-glycemic meals, while women should concentrate on managing their weight and cardiovascular health by utilizing modern healthcare facilities.

Arafat hassan razon

The construct of Leadership entails the process of influencing other people to accomplish specific objectives. However, like love, the construct of Leadership is a universal desire that is virtually difficult to define explicitly (Klingborg, Moore and Varea-Hammond, 2006, p.280). It is characterised by the idea of an individual charisma capable of recruiting followers towards his or her path, promoting team-based problem-solving. Conversely, the concept of Leadership is based on many factors such as; "leaders are made not born", "he was a leader since he was a kid" and "if you have the will power, you can become an effective leader" (Klingborg, Moore and Varea-Hammond, 2006, p.280). However, scholars and organisations tend to focus on Leadership and how leaders impact an organisation. The leadership process entails how an individual influences other(s) to achieve a common goal or mission.

Zamzam abdelazim

The kidney stones are one of the most widely spreading disorders in the world. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Didymocarpuspedicellata and Ashwagandha for its antiurolithiatic activity in rats. Urolithiasis was induced in adult male albino wistar rats by 0.75% of ethylene glycol for 28 days. The effect of the oral administration of the ethanolicextracts has been studied and is compared with the effect of oral administration of Cystone(Himalaya) as a standard on Wistar rat. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calciumand phosphate. Supplementation with ethanolic extract of the plants significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. Both the plant extract showed significant antiurolithiatic activity

Zeenath banu

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Blessed be He in Whose hands is Dominion; and He over all things hath Power;- He Who created Death and Life, that He may try which of you is best in deed: and He is the Exalted in Might, Oft-Forgiving;- He Who created the seven heavens one above another: No want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw? Again turn thy vision a second time: (thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited, in a state worn out. And we have, (from of old), adorned the lowest heaven with Lamps, and We have made such (Lamps) (as) missiles to drive away the Evil Ones, and have prepared for them the Penalty of the Blazing Fire. For those who reject their Lord (and Cherisher) is the Penalty of Hell: and evil is (such), Destination. When they are cast therein, they will hear the (terrible) drawing in of its breath even as it blazes forth, Almost bursting with fury: Every time a Group is cast therein, its Keepers will ask, “Did no Warner come to you?” They will say: “Yes indeed; a Warner did come to us, but we rejected him and said, ´Allah never sent down any (Message): ye are nothing but an egregious delusion!´” They will further say: “Had we but listened or used our intelligence, we should not (now) be among the Companions of the Blazing Fire!” They will then confess their sins: but far will be (Forgiveness) from the Companions of the Blazing Fire! As for those who fear their Lord unseen, for them is Forgiveness and a great Reward. And whether ye hide your word or publish it, He certainly has (full) knowledge, of the secrets of (all) hearts. Should He not know,- He that created? and He is the One that understands the finest mysteries (and) is well-acquainted (with them). It is He Who has made the earth manageable for you, so traverse ye through its tracts and enjoy of the Sustenance which He furnishes: but unto Him is the Resurrection. Do ye feel secure that He Who is in heaven will not cause you to be swallowed up by the earth when it shakes (as in an earthquake)? Or do ye feel secure that He Who is in Heaven will not send against you a violent tornado (with showers of stones), so that ye shall know how (terrible) was My warning? But indeed men before them rejected (My warning): then how (terrible) was My rejection (of them)? Do they not observe the birds above them, spreading their wings and folding them in? None can uphold them except (Allah) Most Gracious: Truly (Allah) Most Gracious: Truly it is He that watches over all things. Nay, who is there that can help you, (even as) an army, besides (Allah) Most Merciful? In nothing but delusion are the Unbelievers. Or who is there that can provide you with Sustenance if He were to withhold His provision? Nay, they obstinately persist in insolent impiety and flight (from the Truth). Is then one who walks headlong, with his face grovelling, better guided,- or one who walks evenly on a Straight Way? Say: “It is He Who has created you (and made you grow), and made for you the faculties of hearing, seeing, feeling and understanding: little thanks it is ye give. Say: “It is He Who has multiplied you through the earth, and to Him shall ye be gathered together.” They ask: When will this promise be (fulfilled)? – If ye are telling the truth. Say: “As to the knowledge of the time, it is with Allah alone: I am (sent) only to warn plainly in public.” At length, when they see it close at hand, grieved will be the faces of the Unbelievers, and it will be said (to them): “This is (the promise fulfilled), which ye were calling for!” Say: “See ye?- If Allah were to destroy me, and those with me, or if He bestows His Mercy on us,- yet who can deliver the Unbelievers from a grievous Penalty?” Say: “He is (Allah) Most Gracious: We have believed in Him, and on Him have we put our trust: So, soon will ye know which (of us) it is that is in manifest error.” Say: See ye?- If your stream be some morning lost (in the underground earth), who then can supply you with clear-flowing water?

Kamal singh

Cleome brachycarpa Vahl . and Cleome viscosa L. were evaluated for anti-emetic activity in the copper sulfate-induced chick emesis model. Emesis was induced by copper sulfate (50 mg/kg), and the methanolic extracts of leaves were tested orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg. Chlorpromazine (150mg/kg orally) was used as standard anti-emetic drug. The anti-emetic activity was determined by calculating the mean decrease in the number of retching as compared with the control. Cleome brachycarpa and Cleome viscosa showed comparable anti-emetic activity with chlorpromazine.Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ., and Cleome viscosa L., leaves extract in a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight., reduced the numbers of retches by 57.57% and 43.06%. Cleome brachycarpa significantly (**P<0.005) reduced the number of retches. The group of chicks treated with chlorpromazine had 45 retches compared to the 71 retches of the control group, thus chlorpromazine reduced the retches by 36.99%. From the results, it is clear that Cleome brachycarpa Vahl. and Cleome viscosa L. leaves extracts have antiemetic potential and are comparable with standard chlorpromazine. Although the result is significant the mode of action is not known. Antiemetic activity by using copper sulfate proposed 5-HT3, 5-HT4, or NK1 receptor antagonism. Therefore, the extracts effectively prevented its effect and had a peripheral anti-emetic action. As mentioned earlier, triterpenoids such as brachycarpone, deacetoxybrachycarpone, cabralealactone and ursolic acid are reported from Cleome brachycarpa6, whereas flavonoids are reported from Cleome viscosa. Flavonoids and triterpenoids possess anti-emetic properties18. So, if flavonoids and triterpenoids are present in the studied extracts, the observed anti-emetic effects may be due to flavonoids and triterpenoids. The present study is on the preliminary level, and further investigation is required to confirm the anti-emetic effect of Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ., and Cleome viscosa L. leaves and determine the compounds responsible for this activity with their possible mode of action.

Dr. salman ahmed

The current study explores creative cultural tourism as a new model of the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism. Cultural heritage with its tangible and intangible components represents an essential part of culture tourism. Many changes have been happened in tourism due to new forms of consumption patterns, tourism activities, and tourism products. These changes require shifting from traditional culture tourism to creative cultural tourism as a new concept of cultural heritage. Tourists face many problems in the traditional culture tourism which is a form of mass tourism, thus, creative cultural tourism came to solve these problems. In addition, this study explains the transformation from traditional culture tourism to creative culture tourism.

Mukhles m. al-ababneh

Crinum jagus, family- Amaryllidaceae, commonly called river lily is an important medicinal plant used in the treatment of cough. It is an anti-venom agent used among the rural people in south-western Nigeria. The research is aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and analgesic activity of Cinium jagus bulb in BALB/c mice. The bulb was extracted with methanol in a soxhlet extractor apparatus. Phytochemical screening was performed according to standard methods. Alkaloid fraction was obtained using separation by extraction and characterized by infra-red (I.R) analysis. Acute toxicity test was done before analgesic activity was determined in BALB/c albino mice using the hot plate model. The result indicated the presence of some bioactive constituents like alkaloids, terpenoids and saponin. I.R bands were observed at 1064.74 cm 1 (C-O) stretch of alcohol; 1415.80 cm-1 (C-H) bend of alkyl groups and 1639.55 cm-1 (N-H) stretch of amine among others. The extract significantly increased the mean latency time of mice on the hot plate when compared with control with 100 mg/kg at 120 minutes. This study indicates that the Crinum Jagus bulb possesses analgesic potential.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Neurological sicknesses are severe, multifactorial, debilitating disorders that may cause neurodegeneration. Neuroprotection protects the structure and capacity of neurons from affronts emerging from cell injuries instigated by an assortment of specialists or neurodegenerative diseases. Various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy, afflict many people worldwide, with increasing age representing the leading risk factor. Crocin is a natural carotenoid compound with therapeutic potential in managing neurological disease. In this review, we focused on the therapeutic capabilities of Crocin as a neuroprotective agent. The general neuroprotective impact and the various conceivable essential components identified with Crocin have been examined. In light of the substantial proof indicating the neuro-pharmacological viability of Crocin to different exploratory standards, it is concluded that Crocin exerts direct antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities by multiple signalling pathways. Besides, Crocin was found to elevate dopamine levels in the brain during the experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Thus, this compound has been demonstrated to be a promising option for treating neurodegenerative diseases with few adverse effects. It should be further considered as a potential contender for neuro-therapeutics, concentrating on the mechanistic and clinical evidence for its effects.

Dr. salman ahmed

The bioactive phytochemicals are the most important bioactive compounds against insect herbivores. These phytochemicals produced by many legumes and react herbivore attacks. Therefore, keeping in mind the said facts, this review discusses the potential use of bioactive compounds like Proteinase inhibitors, trypsin inhibitors, lectins, vicillins (7S storage proteins), phenolics, amino acids, sugars and a-amylase inhibitors in legume plants as most important weapons that confer resistance against herbivorous insects. These inhibitors inhibiting proteases present in the larval gut and has insecticidal potential against insect pests. This review demonstrates the potential of natural phytochemicals from legume plants and or artificially diet incorporate to inhibit the development of pathogens and insect pests. Thus, legumes can be used to produce phytochemicals as bio-pesticides and minimize or avoid the use of agrochemicals in crop protection. This ability making them interesting bioactive for next generation of sustainable pesticides for more sustainable agriculture.

Dr. babu lal jat

In this article, we form the exact wave solutions of the Jimbo-Miwa equation and the Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff equation by applying the new generalized (G'/G)-expansion method. We explained the new generalized (G'/G)-expansion method to look for more general traveling wave solutions of the above mentioned equations. The traveling wave solutions attained by this method are in terms of hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational functions. The graphical representation of the obtained solutions is kink soliton, singular kink soliton, singular soliton and singular periodic solution. This method is very significant for extracting exact solutions of NLEEs which habitually occur in mathematical physics, engineering sciences and applied mathematics.

Md khorshed alam

Alzheimer Disease is a chronic neurological brain disease. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer illness may the prevent the occurrence of memory cellular injury. Neuropsychological tests are commonly used to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. The above technique, has a limited specificity and sensitivity. This article suggests solutions to this issue an early diagnosis model of Alzheimer’s disease based on a hybrid meta-heuristic with a multi-feed-forward neural network. The proposed Alzheimer’s disease detection model includes four major phases: pre-processing, feature extraction, feature selection and classification (disease detection). Initially, the collected raw data is pre-processed using the SPMN12 package of MATLAB. Then, from the pre-processed data, the statistical features (mean, median and standard deviation) and DWT are extracted. Then, from the extracted features, the optimal features are selected using the new Hybrid Sine cosine firefly (HSCAFA). This HSCAFA is a conceptual improvement of standard since cosine optimization and firefly optimization algorithm, respectively. Finally, the disease detection is accomplished via the new regression- based multi-faith neighbors’ network (MFNN). The final detected outcome is acquired from regression-based MFNN. The proposed methodology is performed on the PYTHON platform and the performances are evaluated by the matrices such as precision, recall, and accuracy.

Dr. rajasekhar butta

L’émergence des territoires et l’épuisement des saltus stimulent des questions foncières longtemps restées en veilleuse. Au T ogo en général et spécifiquement dans l’Ouest de la Région des Savanes, la terre est une propriété privée des lignages. Le droit foncier y repose sur la prééminence du droit du premier occupant et matérialisé par une divinité appelée Tingban. L’insuffisance des preuves de prééminence et l’authenticité des fétiches, source de droit, opposent souvent les collectivités. La présente étude décrit l’épuisement des ressources foncières et analyse les conflits fonciers qui opposent les collectivités dans l’Ouest de la Région des Savanes. La méthodologie adoptée repose sur l’observation participante, la recherche documentaire et les entretiens. Les résultats révèlent de nombreuses disputes socio-foncières qui opposent les lignages, les villages et les cantons. Les collectivités contestent entre elles, les droits de paternité sur les terres dans 74% des cas alors que 26% des querelles foncières sont dus aux remises en cause des limites des propriétés collectives. Ces contestations plongent leurs racines dans la complexité du droit foncier coutumier fondé sur la prééminence du droit du premier occupant. Elles sont aussi liées à la non maîtrise des limites des domaines fonciers lignagers et des territoires cantonaux respectivement par les descendants, les chefs de villages et les chefs de cantons.

Assanvo

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly. It is increasingly acknowledged as a significant factor in cryptogenic ischemic stroke, especially among young adults experiencing otherwise unexplained cerebrovascular incidents. This review summarizes recent advances in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic strategies, and management of PFO-related stroke. The article examines the intricate mechanisms of PFO-associated strokes, including paradoxical embolism, in situ thrombus formation, and atrial cardiopathy, while emphasizing the significance of anatomical risk factors like large shunt size and atrial septal aneurysm. The clinical implications of PFO in various disorders, such as migraine with aura, decompression sickness, and high-altitude pulmonary edema, are also analyzed. Diagnostic modalities such as echocardiography and transcranial Doppler are compared, focusing on their sensitivities and procedural details. The review focuses on evidence-based methods for medical, interventional, and device-based closure of PFO, highlighting patient selection and ongoing controversies. The ongoing uncertainties surrounding causal relationships, risk stratification, and optimal therapy highlight the necessity for continued research. This review offers a current synthesis for clinicians and researchers addressing the challenges associated with the evaluation and management of PFO in stroke prevention. To achieve the aims of the article and make it concise, PubMed, Google, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched for original and review articles published in the last 10 years. Several keywords, phrases, and texts were utilized.

Karishma

Background and Objectives: Despite the controversies that prevail regarding the efficacy of episiotomy, it is still practiced widely around the world in various degrees of prevalence. This study aimed to identify and analyze the prevalence, clinical profile, and complications of episiotomy performed on women who delivered at the Asha’ab Obstetric Emergency Center. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that involved women who had undergone vaginal delivery at the Asha’ab Obstetric Emergency Center, in Aden city, Yemen, between October 1, 2021, and March 31, 2022. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the center’s administrative office. Results: During the study period, 858 women delivered vaginally at our center. Out of these, 443 women had had an episiotomy, representing an episiotomy prevalence of approximately 51.6%. These 443 women were enrolled in this study. The episiotomy was more common among primigravida women (n=362, 81.7%), followed by multiparous women (n=42, 9.5%). The most commonly associated medical disorder was anemia (n=167, 37.7%), followed by hypertension (n=33, 7.4%). Perineal pain (n=51, 11.5%) was the most frequently reported post-episiotomy complication, followed by perineal discomfort (n=32, 7.2%), wound infection (n=27, 6.1%), perineal bleeding (n=18, 4.1), difficulty in walking (n=9, 2.0%), wound dehiscence (n=3, 0.7%), and difficulty in defecation (n=1, 0.2%). Conclusion: The prevalence of episiotomy among women who gave birth at the Asha’ab Obstetric Emergency Center, in Aden city, Yemen, was higher than the World Health Organization recommendation, which is around 10% or less with acceptable obstetric evidence indicating the need. Further prospective large-scale studies are recommended to confirm the findings of this study.

Karishma

One must accept the complexity of modern society as a multifaceted influence which will direct the future of all social organizations. Technology has brought the people of the world into almost instant communication. Biomedical science has conquered most infectious, acute diseases and has provided several medicines for a successful maintenance therapy of chronic diseases. The life style of some people as smoking and drug addiction remain a strong factor to their achievement of health goals of the good life. Universally, economic inflation and international business have created an economic interdependence among nations and dealing of the economic problems of one country must take into account this interdependence. When one views the future within this technologic-social-economic framework, he has difficulty sorting out certain directing influences that may shape the future of pharmacy practice in Libya. Currently, the duties, functions and roles undertaken by pharmacists in Libya range from those limited to traditional dispensing duties to highly clinically oriented roles [1]. In this regard, the Libyan health service providers request for the expanded roles of pharmacists in the society. Many of them ask for a number of clinical and patient-oriented functions as oncology, patient counseling, chronic care, hypertension, pediatric, diabetes, psychiatric, cardiology and others. They also question for protocols, standing orders and procedures for pharmacist management of drug therapy and provide information to use as a basis for initiation of clinically oriented services. The treatment of chronic diseases will be refined and drug therapy in many instances will be improved through the application of pharmacokinetic principles and improved methods of monitoring. There is no doubt that pharmacy practice has made clear steps in its own professionalization in hospitals during the past years. With an increase in the number of pharmacists practicing in hospitals and drug stores has come other changes in pharmacy manpower. Technicians and assistant pharmacists now perform many of the routine tasks in drug distribution under pharmacist's supervision. The latter, therefore, is available to participate in clinical programs in inpatient areas and in outpatient clinics. The practice of technicians and assistant pharmacists both in and out of hospitals remains a controversial issue in Libya (absence of a clear national medical policy). Many pharmacists in Libya who provide services hold Bachelor degree in Pharmacy or Pharmaceutical Sciences or Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D) or have completed a short or long term diploma training in teaching hospitals or postgraduate academics. Some hold appointments in other health professions institutions. Libyan Association for Pharmacists (LAP) and Libyan Medical Board are currently planning for a program in clinical pharmacy in different clinical branches. Nevertheless, professional pharmacy personnel must be upgraded in the future in both educational background and competence if continued professionalization is to be achieved [2]. The future will see continued stratification of professional personnel according to specialized functions in management and clinical and other professional; services particularly in large hospitals. The scope of the educational function of pharmacy will expand and become an increasingly important activity in the future in Libya. Some hospitals will maintain health education facilities as part of their physical plant. Others will participate in the program of area health education centers. Pharmacy's responsibility in this effort will require not only an increased commitment, but likewise, increased capability and capacity to provide educational services.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences