In Libya, pharmacy education and practice have a similar pattern to medical education and practice. Both sectors of public and private pharmacy education and pharmacy practice still significantly unchanged for more than forty years. It is a traditional pharmacy style of education and practice with a limited change of education and practice. Now, there are more than ten public pharmacy colleges and more than five private colleges established in Libya for a population of seven millions. In addition, there are several intermediate pharmacy institutes which provide a middle degree in pharmacy practice with a very limited knowledge in pharmaceutical sciences and training. Practice of pharmacy in Libya is still a classical mode with only dispensing medicines directly in almost a nonprofessional way and an old fashion way. However, the situation is old and complicated that needs a great deal of attention from different health policymakers and authorities such as Ministry of High Education and Ministry of Health, National Pharmaceutical Union and Libyan Association for Pharmacists.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

The study examined the impact of school enrolment growth on the carrying capacity of universities in Imo State, Nigeria. Three research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the descriptive survey design with a population of 2,929 academic staff in the two public universities in Imo State. The sample size was 352 representing 12% of the population drawn using stratified random sampling technique. An instrument titled ‘School Enrolment Growth and Carrying Capacity of Universities Questionnaire (SEGCCUQ)’, structured on the 4 point scale, validated by experts and with reliability index of 0.84 was used for data generation. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. Among others, the study revealed that factors such as natural increase of population, influx of migrants, enforcement of compulsory education, raising of school-leaving age, increased enrolment of girls and so on influence school enrolment growth that bear on the carrying capacity of universities. It was recommended among others that the factors should help the governments and institutions to forecast enrollment more effectively likewise permit them to make adjustments to meet current or future enrolment.

Fxintegrity publishing

The advent of the World Wide Web and the rapid adoption of social media platforms (such as Facebook and Twitter) paved the way for information dissemination that has never been witnessed in the human history before. With the current usage of social media platforms, consumers are creating and sharing more information than ever before, some of which are misleading with no relevance to reality. Automated classification of a text article as misinformation or disinformation is a challenging task. Even an expert in a particular domain has to explore multiple aspects before giving a verdict on the truthfulness of an article. In this work, we propose to use a machine learning ensemble approach for the automated classification of news articles. Our study explores different textual properties that can be used to distinguish fake contents from real. By using those properties, we train a combination of different machine learning algorithms using various ensemble methods and evaluate their performance on 4 real world datasets. Experimental evaluation confirms the superior performance of our proposed ensemble learner approach in comparison to individual learners. The advent of the World Wide Web and the rapid adoption of social media platforms (such as Facebook and Twitter) paved the way for information dissemination that has never been witnessed in human history before. Besides other use cases, news outlets benefitted from the widespread use of social media platforms by providing updated news in near real-time to its subscribers. The news media evolved from newspapers, tabloids, and magazines to a digital form such as online news platforms, blogs, social media feeds, and other digital media formats. It became easier for consumers to acquire the latest news at their fingertips. Facebook referrals account for 70% of traffic to news websites. These social media platforms in their current state are extremely powerful and useful for their ability to allow users to discuss and share ideas and debate over issues such as democracy, education, and health. However, such platforms are also used with a negative perspective by certain entities commonly for monetary gain and in other cases for creating biased opinions, manipulating mindsets, and spreading satire or absurdity. The phenomenon is commonly known as fake news.

Kamal singh

World Health Organization (WHO) estimation disclosed over 116 million girls (3.4%) area unit stricken by PCOS worldwide. The predisposing risk factors embrace genetic science, system, lifestyle/environment, fatness that contributes to the event of PCOS. it's calculable that between 5 to ten % of U.S. girls of childbearing age have PCOS. that is regarding five million girls, which makes the condition one among the foremost common secretion endocrine disorders among girls of generative age. A study to assess the prevalence of PCOS among adolescent women at hand-picked setting, Chennai. Objective: to assess the prevalence of PCOS among adolescent women. Methodology: A non-experimental descriptive analysis style was adopted during this study. The non-probability convenient sampling technique was accustomed choose the sample size of two hundred adolescent Girls. The assessment of the prevalence of PCOS was administrated employing a self-reported check list through a Googletype. A survey link was sent to the respondents, via email and WhatsApp& teams. knowledge was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: our Majority (36.5%) of the samples had gentle & moderate PCOS symptoms and twenty-sevenths had severe symptoms. relating to physical activity, the bulk (38%) of the samples had gentle physical activity, thirty-fourth had moderate physical activity and twenty-eighth had severe activity. There was a direct correlation between PCOS symptoms and Physical activity. There was a statistically vital relationship between PCOS symptoms with age, religion, academic standing, dietary habits, previous information, supply of data, the cycle of emission and BMI and there was a statistically vital relationship between physical activity with age, Religion, academic standing, monthly family financial gain, age at the time of start, previous information, supply of data, variety of family, Cycleof emission & BMI. Conclusion: PCOS among adolescents is a rising problem that wants careful assessment, timely intervention, and appropriate treatment. Diagnosis of PCOS in adolescence remains a challenge attributable to overlapping symptoms of PCOS with traditional time of life changes in adolescents. life-style modifications for weight reduction and dietary modifications and psychological content plays vital role in these young ladies for preventing long run complications. Keywords: Poly cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), Prevalence, PCOS symptoms, Physical activity, Adolescent Girls.

Elsi queen

This study was aimed at investigating the extent to which signage and ICT facilities correlate to the utilisation of information resources in federal university libraries in South-South zone of Nigeria. The correlational research design was adopted for the study. Three research questions were answered while three hypotheses were tested. The population of the study comprised 32,190 registered library users for the 2017/2018 academic session and 776 library staff from six federal university libraries in south-south zones of Nigeria. The sample size for the study was 3,219 registered library users and 310 library staff representing 10% and 40% of the population respectively. A two-stage sampling technique of stratified and simple sampling techniques was used to select the sample size. Two Sets of instruments titled; “Signage and Information and Communication Technology Facilities Questionnaire (SICTFQ)” for the students and “Utilization of Information Resources Questionnaire (UIRQ)”were used for data collection. Face and content validity was ensured by three experts. The two instruments yielded reliability coefficients of 0.81 and 0.87 respectively with the use of Cronbach Alpha. Mean was used in answering research questions while Regression was used in testing the null hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. It was found that to a great extent signage relates to the utilisation of information resources while information and communication technology facilities is the vice versa. Based on the findings, it was concluded that jointly, signage and ICT facilities are significant correlate to the utilisation of information resources in federal university libraries in South–South zone of Nigeria. It was therefore recommended among others that library management should improve on the provision of signage by ensuring that well-designed signage suitable for the 21st century is placed at strategic location to guide library users on the utilisation of information resources in federal universities libraries in South-South zone of Nigeria.

Fxintegrity publishing

Every religion includes a whole series of beliefs and practices and we should start by concentrating our attention on religious practices to understand a religion. This paper intended to clarify the religious practices of Vietnamese Catholic Youth. Based on the theory of Glock and Stark and by using survey method, descriptive statistics, this is the first study to demonstrate the religious practices of youths in a diocese of Vietnam. This issue considered as an interesting research topic in the context of Vietnamese research because it explores youths lives from a different perspective by focusing on the micro level of analysis. The respondents in this study were total of 388 young adults between 18 and 30 years of ages from 24 parishes who were randomly selected through Probability Proportional to size sampling method. The findings of the research indicate that the ritualistic dimension of religiosity among Vietnamese Catholic youth is still so high in the context of change in Vietnam

Le minh tien

Background: Perinatal mortality remains high in developing countries, including Yemen. However, information on perinatal mortality in Yemen is lacking. This study aimed to find out the perinatal mortality rate in Aden General Hospital and to analyze the causes of perinatal mortality. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Aden General Hospital during the period from January 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004. It was a retrospective study for the first 6 months (January–June 2003) and prospective for the remaining period (July 2003–June 2004). Results: During the study period from January 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004, there were a total of 3770 births at Aden General Hospital, out of which there were 2976 births during the period from January to December 2003 and a further 794 births in the 6-month period from January to June 2004. The perinatal deaths were 166 (4.4%) giving a perinatal mortality rate of 44/1000 normal deliveries. Further analysis showed a total of 105 perinatal deaths in 2003 with a perinatal mortality rate of 35.3/1000 normal deliveries and 61 deaths in the period from January to June 2004 with a rate of 77/1000 normal deliveries. Unclassified deaths including premature cases accounted for 29% (n=48) of all causes, followed by mechanical causes 36 (21.7%). The mechanical causes are divided as follows, 33 (19. 9%) due to fetal distress and 3 (1.8%) due to breech presentation. Uncertain origin causes accounted for 19.3% (n=32) of all cases of death and toxemia was observed in 16 cases (9.6%), while malformation was found in 13 (7.8%) cases. Conclusion: The perinatal mortality rate in our center was 44/1000 deliveries. The major cause of perinatal mortality was prematurity, followed by mechanical causes. The most of the mortalities occurred outside the health facilities (extra-hospital).

Karishma

Tomato is one of the most important vegetables worldwide. It is considered a mainstayof many countries’ economies. However, tomato crops are vulnerable to many diseasesthat lead to reducing or destroying production, and for this reason, early and accuratediagnosis of tomato diseases is very urgent. For this reason, many deep learning modelshave been developed to automate tomato leaf disease classification. Deep learning isfar superior to traditional machine learning with loads of data, but traditional machinelearning may outperform deep learning for limited training data. The authors proposea tomato leaf disease classification method by exploiting transfer learning and featuresconcatenation. The authors extract features using pre-trained kernels (weights) fromMobileNetV2 and NASNetMobile; then, they concatenate and reduce the dimensionalityof these features using kernel principal component analysis. Following that, they feedthese features into a conventional learning algorithm. The experimental results confirmthe effectiveness of concatenated features for boosting the performance of classifiers.The authors have evaluated the three most popular traditional machine learning classifiers,random forest, support vector machine, and multinomial logistic regression; amongthem, multinomial logistic regression achieved the best performance with an averageaccuracy of 97%.

Mehdhar s. a. m. al-gaashani

Rationale: Trisomy 18, often known as Edwards syndrome. It is a common chromosomal disorder characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome 18. Unfortunately, survival past the first year is quite rare, and there are only a few reports of individuals living long-term without needing corrective surgery. This case sheds light on an unusual situation where a patient survived for an extended period despite having severe congenital heart defects. Patient concerns: A 5-year-old girl, already diagnosed with trisomy 18, was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a cough and diarrhea that started after she began taking a nutritional powder supplement. The patient had a history of admission to neonatal intensive care for 1 month due to transient tachypnea of the newborn, mild retractions, and grunting. Additionally, she had intrauterine growth restrictions, dysmorphic features, and hypotonia. Diagnoses: Clinical examination revealed dysmorphic features, hypoxia, and a cardiac murmur. Chest radiography reveals central infiltration with cardiothoracic ratio 60%. Genetic testing confirmed the presence of trisomy 18, and an echocardiogram showed multiple congenital defects with significant right ventricular hypertrophy. Interventions: Initial management began with administering oxygen, performing metabolic tests, and a chest x-ray. However, because of ongoing low oxygen levels linked to her heart defects and pulmonary hypertension, long-term home oxygen therapy was initiated. A comprehensive supportive care with multidisciplinary team support was the main management. Outcomes: Throughout her treatment, oxygen saturation did not exceed 85%, and the patient’s development has remained severely delayed, with no significant motor or cognitive milestones. The patient had a long life expectancy for her complex heart defects, but eventually died of cardiac arrest. Lessons: This case shows the possibility of prolonged survival in trisomy 18, even with severe congenital heart defects, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary management and family-centered counseling. Documenting such cases expands understanding of this syndrome and guides long-term care strategies.

Mohamad banat

La problématique de l’accès à l’eau potable soulève de nombreux enjeux de développement au regard des impacts qu’elle génère en milieu rural. C’est pourquoi plusieurs organisations internationales œuvrent aux côtés de l’Etat ivoirien afin de garantir un accès durable et sécurisé à cette ressource pour les populations. Cependant, il existe encore des zones en Côte d’Ivoire où les populations continuent de vivre au quotidien des pénuries d’eau potable. C’est le cas de la Sous-Préfecture de Gboguhé où cette problématique entrave considérablement le développement socioéconomique des villages. Partant de ce contexte, cette contribution tente d’analyser les impacts de la pénurie d’eau potable dans cette zone en s’inscrivant dans une perspective socioanthropologique. Pour ce faire, elle se base sur une approche essentiellement qualitative, mobilisant les techniques de revue de littérature, d’entretiens semi-directifs et d’observations directes pour la production de données. L’étude révèle que la pénurie d’eau potable dans la sous-préfecture de Gboguhé est un facteur de vulnérabilité chez les populations locales au regard des impacts sociaux, économiques, sanitaires et territoriaux qu’elle entraîne.

Dr. kabran aristide djane

Drug discovery started when a man suffered from abdominal pain and accidentally healed by chewing the leaves of the plant. The story of Ethnopharmacology begins with the doctrine of signatures, the shape signatures of herbs to heal resembled parts of the body. Later, shape signatures were modified into colour and taste signatures for healing. The information exchange and understanding about people's use of natural resources to discover therapeutic and toxicological potential is now shaped into a branch of science, "Ethnopharmacology". Simply Ethnopharmacology, by using modern science, enables traditional knowledge to convert into medicine and acts as a powerful and creative drug discovery engine.

Dr. salman ahmed

Parkinson’s disease, first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a neurodegenerative ailment resulting from the damage of nerve cells in the brain. It is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with an estimated prevalence of 31 to 328 per 100,000 people worldwide. It is estimated that more than 1 percent of the population over age 65 are afflicted with Parkinson’s disease; incidence and prevalence increase with age. There are numerous unanswered questions regarding the diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease. Worsening mobility, causing problems with activities of daily living, pain and communication problems due to rigidity of facial muscles, are the main reasons of their decreasing quality of life. This study is focused on the role of psychological variables, which could be associated with quality of life in PD patients. After their identification a discussion about opportunities of improvement patient’s quality of life can be opened. Current drug therapies for human PD with Levodopa or various dopamine receptor agonists offer symptomatic relief and appear to have little effect on the neurodegenerative process. More than 50% of patients with PD treated over 5 years with Levodopa will develop complications such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesia’s. In this scenario, slowing the progression of PD through neuroprotective or restorative therapy is a major focus of research. From a pharmacologic standpoint, current strategies involve interrupting the cascade of biochemical events that leads to death of dopaminergic cells. The significance of many indigenous medicinal plants and their phytoconstitutents in the management of Parkinsonism with minimal side effect profile arise in this context

Zeenath banu

Patients’ knowledge of hypertension and treatment has been found to affect health outcomes of hypertension. This study aimed to assess the impact of therapeutic patients’ education on knowledge of hypertension and lifestyle/dietary modification among hypertensive patients in Nigeria. The study was conducted among 317 hypertensive patients randomized into controlled and intervention groups (158 vs 159, respectively) between March 2021 and February 2022. Baseline knowledge of the patients was assessed and intervention was provided for the intervention group with a structured educational program at a baseline and six months. Descriptive data were presented with a frequency table in percentage while the chi-square test and univariate logistic regression were used to determine the association between categorical variables. Out of the total number of 318 patients, 275 completed the study (response rate: 86.8%) with 136 in the control group and 139 in the intervention group. The mean age of the patients was 59.5 (±12.5) and patients > 60 years (49.5%) were the most frequent age category. The baseline knowledge score of hypertension was 9.8 (±2.6) and 9.3 (±2.6) on a scale of 16 points in the control group and intervention group, respectively (P = 0.060) while at six months 11.9 (±2.3) vs 10.8 (±2.4) (P < 0.001) and 12 months 12.6 (±2.5) vs 9.5 (±2.0) (P < 0.001), respectively. Knowledge of lifestyle/dietary modification in the control group and intervention group at baseline was 7.0 (±2.1) and 6.6 (±2.0), respectively, while at six months 7.5 (±1.5) vs 9.9 (±1.3) (P < 0.001) and at 12 months 7.2 (±1.5) vs 10.4 (±1.2), respectively. Marital status, body mass index, and family history of hypertension were associated with knowledge of hypertension and lifestyle/dietary modification (P < 0.001). The educational intervention provided was found to be associated with a significant improvement in knowledge of hypertension and lifestyle/dietary modification. The marital status of the patients, body mass index and family history of hypertension influenced patients’ level of knowledge.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

A large number of people suffer from gallstones worldwide, and this problem is now increasing significantly due to malnutrition, changes in living lifestyle, lack of exercise and conditions, i.e. industrialization. Medicinal plants have been used for centuries due to their cultural acceptability, efficacy, safety and fewer side effects than modern synthetic medicines. This review aims to gather information on the plants utilized in various parts of society against gallstones. The information provided is beneficial for ordinary people and the scientific community for further phytochemical, toxicological and pharmacological studies, which may lead to the discovery of new, more effective and safer medicines for gallstones.

Dr. salman ahmed

Is open theological education reducing barriers and increasing access to theological training? Has the use of digital technologies in accessing theological training deviated from or complied with the training criteria? This paper highlights the seminarians’ borderless access to theological education and its benefits. Several persons frowned on open education a few years ago, but from March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has seen many institutions adopting elearning. Is it a wake-up call for theological education? The study discovered that theological education without barriers enhances theological training, research writing, scholarship, and academic honesty. The accreditation criteria for open theological learning does not alter contents but ensures that the greater populace can access a high standard of delivery of theological training equal to the on-campus programmes.

Ransford k awuku-gyampoh

Background Mauritius embraces principles of a welfare state with free health care at point of use in any public facilities. However, the health financing landscape changed in 2007 when Private Health Expenditure (PvtHE) surpassed General Government Health Expenditure. PvtHE is predominately out of pocket (OOP) with only 3.4% related to premiums for private insurance. In 2014, Household OOP Expenditure on health accounted for 52.8% of total health expenditure. OOP is known to be regressive and to impact negatively on households’ living standards. Objectives This paper aims to examine trends in OOP in Mauritius, to assess its impacts through an analysis of key indicators of financial protection, namely catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment due to OOP health expenditure. It also aims to predict core determinants of CHEs. Methods Household Budget Surveys (HBS) of 2001/2002, 2006/2007 and 2012 were the primary source data. CHE and impoverishment were used to assess financial hardships resulting from OOP health payments. The incidence of CHE was estimated at three threshold levels (10,25 and 40%), using the budget share and the capacity to pay approaches. Impoverishment due to OOP was measured by changes in the incidence of poverty and intensity of poverty using the US$ 3.1 international poverty line. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants of CHE. Findings Household CHE increased from 5.78% in 2001/02 to 8.85% in 2012 and 0.61% in 2001/02 to 1.25% in 2012, for 10 and 40% thresholds, respectively. The incidence of CHE was significantly higher in urban areas compared to rural areas. The highest levels of CHEs were among households’ heads, who are retired rising from 1.62% in 2001/02 to 3.71% in 2012, followed by households’ head who are widowed from 2.29% in 2001/02 to 2.63% in 2012 and homemakers from 2.12% in 2001/02 to 2.57% in 2012 at the 40% threshold. The share of households pushed below the poverty line due to OOP dropped from 0.4% in 2001/02 to 0.2% in 2006/07 before rising to 0.34% in 2012. In 2012, poverty gap occurred only among households under poorest quintile 1 (0.24%) and quintile 2 (0.03%). Overall poverty gap dropped from 0.08% in 2001/02 to 0.05% in 2012. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio of facing CHE were significant only among households with heads being retired and with a presence of an elderly member in the household. Conclusion Despite the rise in incidence of CHE between 2001 and 2012 the impact of OOP on the level of impoverishment and poverty gap has not been significant.

Ajoy nundoochan

NA

Priyanka

Monitoring and controlling of clean area environment is of paramount importance to ensure product safety and quality. This comprehensive analysis evaluates environmental monitoring (EM) data from Class C and Class D controlled environments in pharmaceutical manufacturing, utilizing Active Air (AA), Passive Air (PA), and Contact Plate (CP) or Replicate Organism Detection And Counting (RODAC) surface samples. The study aims to identify contamination trends, anomalies, and compliance with ISO 14644-1 and EU GMP Annex 1 standards. Results reveal unexpected findings: Class C Active Air (43 CFU/m³) and RODAC (3 CFU/plate) overall averages are higher than Class D Active Air (34 CFU/m³) and RODAC (2 CFU/plate), respectively, deviating from expected cleanroom classification. Class D Passive Air (22 CFU/plate) is higher than Class C (17 CFU/plate), aligning with expectations. Persistent hotspots were identified in Class C (e.g., location labelled “AA C 12 NG0”AA averages± Standard Deviation (SD): 67.33±17 CFU/m³), indicating localized control failures, while Class D showed extreme individual spikes (e.g., AA D 99 Ac: Max 171 CFU/m³). Sporadic contamination events in Class C suggest transient breaches, necessitating root-cause investigations. The study also highlights limitations of Class D monitoring, which obscures temporal trends and risks missing critical excursions due to long intervals between samples. Recommendations include targeted engineering assessments for high-load zones, enhanced Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for cleaning and gowning, adoption of real-time biofluorescent particle counters to replace manual sampling, and increased monitoring frequency in Class D hotspots.

Mostafa eissa

Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and yellow mosaic virus disease incidence in mungbean, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek is a most serious problem in northern states of India. Bioefficacy of some insecticides and biorational were tested during kharif 2010 to 2011 and 2011 to 2012 at Pulses Research Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The results revealed that 30 days after sowing minimum whitefly population was recorded in plots, when seeds were treated with dimethoate 5 ml/kg seeds. At three days after spray application lowest whitefly population (1.6 and 6.4 adults/ cage/ plant) was noted in NSKE 5 per cent sprayed plots. At seven days after spray, NSKE 5 per cent and triazophos 0.04% was the most effective in keeping the whitefly incidence and yellow mosaic virus infection low. Triazophos and NSKE did not help in managing the whitefly population at low level up to 10 days after spray application. Spraying of triazophos 0.04% resulted in higher grain yield as well as net profit. Lower dosage of triazophos 40EC at 0.02% enhanced the whitefly population in 2011 to 2012. However, the maximum incremental cost benefit ratio (1:13.41) was obtained in dimethoate 5 ml/kg seed treated plots followed by seed treatment with dimethoate plus spraying of triazophos 0.04% (1:11.93).

Dr. babu lal jat

Background: There is a lack of adequate data about the prevalence and types of tuberculosis (TB) disease in Hadramout Al-Sahel, Yemen. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence, types, and outcomes of TB disease in Hadramout Al-Sahel, Yemen. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the National TB Program (NTP) center in the city of Al Mukalla, Hadramout, Yemen. The study enrolled TB patients from different districts of Hadramout Al-Sahel who had registered at the NTP center between January 1 and December 31, 2021. Results: A total of 127 new active TB cases were recruited, including 102 (80.3%) with pulmonary TB (PTB) and 25 (19.7%) with extra PTB (EPTB). The overall prevalence of TB disease in 2021 was 12.7 new TB cases per 100,000 population, while the median age of the study population was 38 years. The majority of cases (23.6%) belonged to the age group of 35–44 years. There were 85 (66.9%) males, and most patients (74; 58.3%) were identified in Al Mukalla City. EPTB was detected in 25 (19.7%) patients, with pleural effusion being the most frequent manifestation, found in 12 (48.0%) patients. All patients received 4-agent anti-TB therapies; 99 (77.9%) patients received anti-TB therapy for 6 months; 9 (7.1%) patients received anti-TB therapy for 9–12 months; 8 (6.3%) patients died during treatment; and 11 (8.7%) patients were lost during follow-up. The majority of patients (108; 85%) were cured on completion of treatment. Conclusion: The prevalence of TB in Hadramout Al -Sahel was 12.7 cases per 100,000 population. Males were affected more than females; the pleura was the most commonly affected extrapulmonary site; and 85% of cases were cured. The results indicated the need to support the Al Mukalla NTP center, by providing more resources for improved TB reporting and for conduct of surveillance to detect new TB cases among high risk groups. Health authorities are also urged to provide state hospitals with the equipment needed for TB diagnosis.

Karishma