Herbal products are being paid particular attention by people around the world since they are natural, effective, and without side effects. In modern medicine, some drugs prescribed to the patients are derived from medicinal plants. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the central nervous effects of methanol extract of Ephedra altissima stems, in Albino mice. Doses of 500, 1500, and 3000 mg/kg of the methanol extract were administered in sub-acute doses (three doses), intraperitoneally at 24, 5.0, and 1.0 hours before scoring. General locomotor behavior profile, antidepressant activity, and anxiolytic activity were studied. The results revealed that the methanol extract of Ephedra altissima at 500, 1500, and 3000 mg/kg produced central nervous system depression, a remarkable decrease in the immobility time (forced swimming maze test), no anxiolytic-like effect by using elevated plus-maze model of anxiety. These results suggest that methanol extract of Ephedra altissima exhibits a central depressant activity, antidepressant-like activity, and mild antipsychotic activity without anxiolytic-like effect in tested experimental animal models with the doses used. Therefore, it can be concluded that Ephedra altissima extract may have a central depression, antidepressant-like activity with no effect as anxiolytic-like mood.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

A medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate use of drugs or patient harm if it is not under the control of the health care professional. Despite the fact that healthcare professionals take the responsibility very seriously, it has been estimated that 250 000 Americans die annually due to medication errors. Although, estimates show that one in ten patients worldwide is affected by medication errors while receiving hospital care, the harm can be caused by a range of incidents or adverse events. The exact incidence of medication errors in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is unknown. In neonates especially premature infants, the immaturity of developing body systems affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and therefore an exponential risk for medication errors is present. The risk of medication errors in children are much greater than adults.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Use of chemical fungicide to control plant diseases causes several adverse effects such as, development of resistance in the pathogen, residual toxicity, pollution to the environment etc. So an alternative way to overcome the usage of dreadful chemicals is very important. The use of plant extracts as biofungicide is one of the popular and effective method. Araucaria columnaris is a commonly seen ornamental plant known as Christmas tree. It’s a South African species, under the family Araucariaceae. Hence, in the present study, the plant resin extract was tested in-vitro against major plant pathogensby preliminary bioassay. It was found that up to 95% reduction of mycelium growth was observed against major phytopathogens such as Fusarium oxysporyum, Rhizoctoniasp, Cylindrocladiumsp, Alternariasp, and Colletrotricum sp., causing tomato wilt, damping off, foliage blight, and leaf blight diseases in economically important plants. Up to our knowledge it is the first report showing the antifungal activity of Araucaria columnaris resin as antifungal agent. By using this valuable tree, further work will be done to formulate commercial biofungicide.

Dr. saranya devi k

The concept of knowledge and the process of knowledge sharing in ethnic minority microbusinesses remain neglected in contemporary debates even if their role for economic development is recognized. Drawing on a culturalist view, we explore how knowledge is defined and shared in a local niche market. Thematic analysis of semistructured qualitative interviews with 32 owner managers and 11 employee-managers reveals that, contrary to studies on larger firms, local knowledge creation and sharing narrowly based on ethnic strengths are valuable sources of competitive advantage. Our study has implications for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in exploring, supporting, and integrating ethnic minority microbusinesses.

Muhibul haq

Self-medication of antibiotics is an irrational use of drugs, contributing to microbial resistance, increasing health care cost and higher mortality and morbidity. This study was aimed to assess self-medication with antibiotics without a medical prescription in the community of Libya. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from June to December, 2022 and the total number of participants was 200. The design of the study and sample size were modified according to the proficiency of pharmacists and the medical and non-medical population of Libya. The questionnaire was developed in English and Arabic language and was distributed through social media platforms. The questions were used after a thorough literature search and assessing the validity and reliability. The significant signs regarding reasons for the treatment by self-medication drugs of antibiotics, because of its various drugs of antibiotic by pharmacist (n = 80, 40.0%) and family (n = 90, 45.0%) compare with experience and physicians by used prescription was 13 (06.50%) and significant sings regarding by nasal congestion self-medication of various antibiotics (n = 100, 50.0%). This sign must be practiced based on a previous physician’s prescription. The antibiotics are often self-administered as patient feel that they will save money and time but this can lead to substantial adverse drug reaction, antibiotic resistance, treatment failure and drug-related toxicity. This study respondent's medical and non-medical public of Libya who should be relatively informed and educated about the risk of treatment by self-medication of antibiotics with the development of resistance.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

The present study was designed to evaluate the In vitro anti-oxidant cardio-protective activity of Hydro alcoholic bark extract of Terminalia paniculata Roxb on Isoproterenol induced Myocardial Infarction in Rat. Wistar albino rats used in this experiment were pretreated with vehicle, HAETP (200,400 and 600 mg/kg, p.o), Vit-C (20 mg/kg, p.o) for 14 days, on 14th and 15th day, Isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, s.c) was injected. After 24 h of last dose of ISO administration, ECG was recorded and serum biomarkers CK-MB, LDH, SGOT and SGPT were estimated. Further antioxidant levels were estimated from the tissue homogenates. Finally histopathological examination of heart was performed. HAETP have shown significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and reducing power methods. Moreover pretreatment with HAETP and Vit C improved ECG pattern and histopathology of heart.

Bm v swamy

Clinical microbiology serves as a partner to clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Antibiotics are prescribed empirically before the availability of antimicrobial susceptibility testing data, especially when the patient's medical status could deteriorate by suspending the treatment. To investigate the impact of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the management of outpatients with suspected bacterial infection in Libyan patients, a cross-sectional prospective study concluded on microbial microdroplet culture by including outpatients with suspected bacterial infection, who have done antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Thus, 53 Libyan patients with urinary tract infections and 14 Libyan patients with skin infections were included in this study. Before the availability of antimicrobial susceptibility testing data, 25 patients were appropriately treated while 42 patients were inappropriately treated. After the availability of antimicrobial susceptibility testing data, the number of appropriately treated patients increased to 57 patients. Thus, antimicrobial susceptibility testing improved the management of 41 patients by discontinuing an unnecessary antibiotic in four patients, starting necessary antibiotic therapy in 18 patients, and changing to more appropriate antibiotic in 19 patients. However, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing has no impact on the management of 24 patients and has led to the worsening of the management of two patients. The effect of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of antibiotic de-escalation was assessed in 35 patients; however, antibiotic de-escalation occurred in six patients. Thus, data of antimicrobial susceptibility testing has improved the management of Libyan outpatients with bacterial infection but their role in antibiotic de-escalation was slight

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Purpose Noise pollution is a common health hazard worldwide which is emitted along with chemical air pollutants, simultaneously from many sources. Some studies have been conducted to control these pollutants, simultaneously with promising results being achieved. Dielectric beads have been used in air pollution control technologies, successfully and probable effectiveness of them in noise reduction can be promising in dual use of them in the exhausts emitting noise and air pollution, simultaneously. Methods In order to investigate the effectiveness of dielectric beads in noise reduction, two types of them; namely glass and ceramic beads, were placed separately inside the connecting tube of a double-expansion chamber muffler. Then the transmission loss (TL) of muffler was examined using impedance tube. A factorial design was used to evaluate and optimize the effect of noise related parameters on TL of such a system. Results Results show that the presence of dielectric beads has significant effect on TL of muffler. The maximum TL was obtained as 74.76 dB for muffler with ceramic beads, under the optimal condition of 5250 Hz and 120 dB. Measurement of TL and sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of glass and ceramic beads showed that the noise reduction in muffler with ceramic and glass beads is probably due to SAC in ceramic beads and noise reflections in glass beads, respectively. Conclusion These results promise the dual use of dielectric beads in the exhausts emitting noise and air pollution simultaneously.

Niloofar

The purpose of the study was explored to find out the land and aquatic plyometric training on vital capacity among college men athletes. For the purpose of the study, forty five (n=45) men college athletes from Pudukkottai, Tamilnadu, India during the year 2019-2020 were selected as subjects. Their ages were from 18 to 21 years. The selected participants were divided at random into three groups of fifteen each (n=15). Group-I underwent land plyometric training, group-II aquatic plyometric training, and group-II acted as control group. The duration of the training period was restricted to eight weeks and the number of sessions per week was confined to five. The selected variable vital capacity was assessed by wet spirometer. The data were collected prior to and immediately after the training period of twelve weeks. The data obtained from the experimental groups before and after the experimental period were statistically analyzed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the ‘f’ ratio for adjusted post test means was found to be significant, the scheffe’s post hoc test was applied to determine the paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for all the cases. The results of the study showed that aquatic plyometric training group is better than land plyometric training group and control group on improving vital capacity.

Dr.i. john parthiban

This research was conducted at SD Darus Sholah, Jember which aims to answer the main problems related to the implementation of the Student Team Achievement Divisions learning strategy in integrated thematic learning. The problem studied in this research is the Implementation of the Student Team Achievement Divisions Strategy in integrated thematic learning at SD Darus Sholah, Jember. This research approach uses a qualitative approach with the type of phenomenological research. Methods of data collection using interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis used the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, with the process of data collection, condensation, data display, and data verification. To test the validity of the data using triangulation. The results of this study indicate that: 1) At the presentation stage, the teacher starts with story material, reviews previous material, and learning activities in teams. 2) The teacher prepares a worksheet as a guide for group work and each member can contribute, the teacher makes observations, provides guidance, motivation, and assistance if needed. 3) Individual tests in groups. 4) Score development for individuals, the teacher combines the previous score with the final score. 5) Appreciation for the team is based on the assessment of individuals in the group so that the process of group assessment recapitulation is based on individual assessment of each group. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SD Darus Sholah Jember yang bertujuan untuk menjawab pokok permasalahan berkaitan dengan penerapan strategi belajar Student Team Achievement Divisions dalam pembelajaran tematik terpadu. Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini, Implementasi Strategi Student Team Achievement Divisions dalam pembelajaran tematik terpadu di SD Darus Sholah Jember. Pendekatan penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian fenomenologis. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif Miles dan Huberman, dengan proses data collection, condensation, data display, and data verifiying. Untuk menguji keabsahan data menggunakan trianggulasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Pada tahap presentasi, guru memulai dengan materi cerita, mereview ulang materi sebelumnya, dan kegiatan belajar dalam tim. 2) Guru menyiapkan lembaran kerja sebagai pedoman kerja kelompok dan setiap anggota dapat berkontribusi, guru melakukan pengamatan, memberikan bimbingan, motivasi, dan bantuan jika diperlukan. 3) Tes individu dalam kelompok. 4) Skor pengembangan bagi individu, guru menggabungkan skor nilai sebelumnya dengan skor akhir. 5) Penghargaan bagi tim mendasarkan kepada penilaian terhadap individu dalam kelompok sehingga proses rekapitulasi penilaian kelompok, didasarkan kepada penilain individu masing-masing kelompok.

Educare: journal of primary education

Determinations of competency in adult criminal court have an extensive history, both procedurally and conceptually. Unlike criminal court, however, juvenile courts were designed for rehabilitation, rather than punishment, and, historically, the issue of competency was not often raised. Recently, however, as stakes for youth in juvenile court have begun to parallel those of defendants in criminal court, youths’ competence has become an important issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether defendants’ age and maturity affect judges’ ratings of juveniles’ adjudicative competence in juvenile and criminal court. Three hundred forty two criminal and juvenile court judges reviewed one forensic psychological report about a hypothetical defendant; only the age (12-17) and maturity level (less mature; more mature) of the defendant varied across reports. The judges then rated the juvenile’s adjudicative competence in both juvenile and criminal court, provided ratings of the individual competence components, rated their confidence in their decision, and rated the importance of various characteristics of the juvenile to their decisions. Judges also provided demographic information. Results revealed a main effect for age, with older juveniles generally deemed more competent, and a main effect for maturity, with more mature juveniles generally deemed more competent. There was no interaction between age and maturity. Results suggest that age and maturity play major roles in judicial determinations of juvenile competency

John dolores

Digital governance has become a cornerstone of modern administrative systems, enabling governments to provide efficient and transparent services to citizens. Telangana, a state in southern India, has emerged as a pioneer in implementing various digital governance initiatives to enhance service delivery and promote inclusive development. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the digital governance initiatives undertaken by the Government of Telangana, highlighting their objectives, key features, and impact on governance. The paper begins by outlining the context of digital governance in Telangana, emphasizing the state government's commitment to leveraging technology for governance reforms. It then delves into specific initiatives across various sectors, including e-governance, digital infrastructure, citizen services, and smart city projects. Each initiative is analyzed in terms of its objectives, implementation strategies, technological components, and outcomes. Key initiatives such as the Telangana State Portal, T App Folio mobile app, MeeSeva portal for e-services, and the T-Fiber project for broadband connectivity are discussed in detail. Additionally, the paper examines the integration of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT) in governance processes to improve efficiency and transparency. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the impact of these initiatives on governance outcomes, including enhanced service delivery, increased transparency, and improved citizen engagement. It also identifies challenges faced in the implementation process and offers recommendations for overcoming them. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the digital governance landscape in Telangana, showcasing the state's efforts in harnessing technology to build a more efficient, responsive, and citizen-centric administration. By documenting the successes, challenges, and lessons learned, it aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners interested in digital governance and public administration reform.

Dr gedam kamalakar

Undergraduate students’ attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence (AI) in developing countries like Vietnam are rarely explored despite AI’s increasing presence in higher education. This study aims to investigate the attitudes of undergraduate students towards AI. A quantitative research method was used, involving a self-reported survey questionnaire. The sample consisted of 460 undergraduate students (196 males and 264 females) from five public and private universities in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Data collection took place through a cross-sectional survey in November and December 2023. The General Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS), originally developed and validated in English by Schepman and Rodway (2020), was adapted to Vietnamese for this study. The scale comprised 20 items to evaluate students’ attitudes towards AI. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, t-tests, and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results indicated a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.705 for the total variable, demonstrating acceptable reliability. Consequently, Vietnamese undergraduate students displayed moderately positive attitudes towards AI. The findings also revealed no significant difference in attitudes based on gender, but there was a notable variation based on the student’s year of study at university.

Le minh tien

Pendidikan agama Islam sebagai upaya mengembangkan, mendorong serta membimbing peserta didik hidup lebih dinamis dengan berdasarkan nilai-nilai agama islam dan terbentuk pribadi peserta didik insane kamil. Rumusan dalam dalam peneltian ini: 1) Bagaimana peran PAI dalam pembinaan kesehatan mental siswa di SDN Sekarputih 1 Tegalampel Bondowoso? 2) Bagaimana peran PAI dalam pembinaan kesehatan pikiran/intelektual siswa di SDN Sekarputih 1 Tegalampel Bondowoso? Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Metode pengumpulan data dengan metode observasi, metode wawancara dan metode dokumentasi. Sedangkan analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif Milles, Huberman dan Saldana dengan tiga Langkah dalam proses analisis data yaitu: kondensasi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Untuk memeriksa keabsahan data ini, menggunakan tehnik triangulasi yaitu triangulasi tehnik, triangulasi metode dan triangulasi data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan: (1) Peran PAI dalam pembinaan kesehatan mental siswa di SDN Sekarputih 1 Tegalampel Bondowoso yaitu: (a) Agama sebagai pembimbing dalam kehidupan peserta didik. (b) Agama sebagai penolong dalam menghadapi kesulitan untuk memecahakan masalah yang di alami siswa. (c) Agama sebagai penentram bathin. (2) Peran PAI dalam pembinaan kesehatan intelektual/kesehatan pikiran di SDN Sekarputih 1 Tegalampel Bondowoso yaitu: (a) Guru membimbing peserta didik secara akademis di dalam sekolah maupun di luar sekolah. (b) Kajian-kajian keagamaan oleh guru PAI sebelum atau sesudah mata pelajaran dimulai. (c) Membudayakan siswa untuh silaturrahim kerumah guru. (d) Bimbingan secara intelektual kepada dengan teori-teori keagamaan yang memadai, agar siswa tidak sekuler dalam berperilaku sehari-hari.

Educare: journal of primary education

Recently, the definition of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), a condition with a complicated pathogenesis, has been revised. Logically, CRS syndrome should be classified according to the initial organ that is injured, resulting in damage to another organ. Hence, there are only three main categories of CRS. Category one includes acute and chronic CRS. Category two involves renal-cardiac syndrome (RCS), which can be classified as acute or chronic. The third category represents secondary CRS, referred to as cardio-reno-cardiac syndrome (CRCS), which can be subdivided into acute and chronic CRCS. In this part of our series, we will discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute CRS. We retrieved articles published on acute CRS using different keywords and phrases between January 2019 and June 2025 to achieve these goals.

Karishma

Monkeypox, an infectious disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus, was identified in humans in 1970. It has recently emerged as a global health concern due to outbreaks beyond its endemic regions in Central and West Africa. This review examines the current state of medical treatments for monkeypox as of 2024, focusing on antiviral agents, immunotherapies, and supportive care measures. Monkeypox manifests with symptoms including fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy, with severe cases more common in immunocompromised individuals. Antiviral therapies such as tecovirimat and brincidofovir are central to treatment strategies, with tecovirimat demonstrating efficacy in alleviating symptoms and reducing viral shedding. Emerging treatment strategies involve novel lipid-based formulations and combination therapies that integrate antivirals with immune-modulating agents. Supportive care remains essential, involving analgesics and antibiotics for secondary infections, while the MVA-BN vaccine plays a critical role in prevention. Research emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of viral pathogenesis and host immune responses to improve therapeutic and preventive measures. Despite significant advancements, challenges remain, including potential antiviral resistance, disparities in healthcare access, and the necessity for enhanced diagnostic and surveillance capabilities. This review highlights the imperative for ongoing research, international collaboration, and investment in healthcare infrastructure to advance the management and prevention of monkeypox and to prepare for future outbreaks.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks that include an encoder and a decoder. The best-performing models also connect the encoder and decoder through an attention mechanism. We propose a new simple network architecture, the Transformer, based solely on attention mechanisms, dispensing with recurrence and convolutions entirely. Experiments on two machine translation tasks show these models to be superior in quality while being more parallelizable and requiring significantly less time to train. Our model achieves 28.4 BLEU on the WMT 2014 Englishto-German translation task, improving over the existing best results, including ensembles, by over 2 BLEU. On the WMT 2014 English-to-French translation task, our model establishes a new single-model state-of-the-art BLEU score of 41.0 after training for 3.5 days on eight GPUs, a small fraction of the training costs of the best models from the literature.

Kamal singh

Background: The rising global DM epidemic is driving the problem of TB control. This research determined glycemic control in TB only infected and DM-TB comorbidity and the consequence of the double burden on treatment outcome. Methods: fifty M. TB infected subjects and fifty control subjects were enrolled into the study, all the participants gave consents. FPG and HbA1c were determined by Colorimetry. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical package, differences between groups and variation among groups were determined by Student’s t-test and ANOVA respectively while the association between variables by Pearson’s correlation. Differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: The mean FPG and HbA1c levels of TB subjects were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the control. The mean BMI of the TB infected subjects was significantly lower (p=0.001) than that of the controls. The mean age, FPG and HbA1c of TB subjects at the beginning phase of treatment were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of subjects at the continuation phase of treatment. The mean age, FPG and HbA1c of subjects with DM-M.TB coexistence were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the M.TB only infected subjects. BMI of the DM-M.TB comorbidity subjects was lower than that of the M.TB only infected subjects (p=0.109). A significant positive correlation was obtained between HbA1C and FPG in M.tb infected subjects. (r=0.910, p=0.001). A negative correlation obtained between HbA1C and BMI in M.tb infected subjects. (r=0.267, p=0.061). Conclusion: Infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis poses a risk to DM and vice versa, which may adversely affect treatment outcome and control of both diseases. Firm efforts to control DM may likely have a significant valuable effect on TB treatment outcome.

Eworo raymond

HIV/AIDS cases in Indonesia continue to increase and have spread to all provinces in Indonesia. Bandung is one of the cities with a high number of people living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia. As one of the areas with the highest number of reported HIV cases, the Bandung city government seeks prevention and treatment through the role of existing stakeholders. However, stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV & AIDS, now referred to as PLHIV, are still found and are difficult to eliminate. People diagnosed as contaminated with the HIV & AIDS virus often get a negative stigma. This study aims to analyze how to remove the stigma and discrimination of people with HIV/AIDS through the role of civil society. The research results show that stigma against HIV is often directed at certain minority groups and is often associated with morals and religion. Meanwhile, discrimination against people with HIV is manifested in violations of individual rights in the economic, social, and cultural spheres. The issue of stigma and discrimination against PLWHA has not received serious attention. Therefore, the role of civil society is very important because it can open a dialogue with the community regarding HIV/AIDS to dispel myths that tend to discriminate against PLHIV.

Syahrul tuba

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of initial chick weight at the first day of the hatch on subsequent performance of Iraqi local chickens. 150 unsexed chicks of local chickens weighted at first day of hatch then divided to five groups (A, B, C, D, E) according to the initial weight (26.4, 31.89, 36.38, 41.09, 46.91) gm, the birds were reared in a wooden cage consist of individual compartments with dimensions (30×30×40) cm, The feed and water was available adlibitum, The birds and feed weighted weekly by sensitive balance. The result shows that initial weight had a significant effect on body weight, weight gain, feed and protein consumption, and growth rate but not significant on feed and protein conversion, where group E showed the best results, The relationship between initial body weight and productive traits were studied and the prediction equation of productive traits depending on initial weight shows highly significant

Rafea mohammedtaher khulel