The purpose of this paper is to offer insights that can help researchers to link ontology, epistemology and research methodology. This paper outlines the links among ontology, epistemology and research methodology by exploring ontological, epistemological and methodological perspectives in the research. It discusses how ontological and epistemological issues influence research methodology by providing a clear understanding of different research methodologies based on ontology and epistemology. Furthermore, attention is given to research aspects such as the elements of the research process, research philosophy, research approach, research strategy, the choice of method, and research design

Mukhles m. al-ababneh

Background Urban legends and myths are prevalent in drug-use environments. However, the distinction between myth and fact is not always clear. We found contradictory claims regarding the emergence of cold cook methods for producing methamphetamine when contrasting user-generated reports with official reports repudiating such methods as myths. Our aim is to open the topic for more academic discussion. Methods We examine cold cook methods of methamphetamine production revealed in our ethnographic study and interviews with former (n = 50) and current (n = 48) methamphetamine users. Data were collected in the suburbs of a large southeastern city in the United States. We compare the data with reports from law enforcement professionals and public health officials. Results Official reports claim the cold cook method described by users in our study is a myth and does not produce methamphetamine. Small-scale producers sell it as methamphetamine and users claim it has the same effect as methamphetamine. They are charged for possession and distribution of methamphetamine when caught with this drug. It appears the unintended consequences of recent policy aimed to reduce production and use of methamphetamine may be a user-friendly production method. We do not know the health implications at this time. Conclusion We do not make any definitive conclusions on the legitimacy of the stories or myths discussed here but instead suggest that labelling drug stories as myths might lead to dismissing facts that hold partial truth. The subsequent dismissal of cold cook methods among policy and public health officials risks a range of unintended consequences among vulnerable populations. We present our case for more research attention on the myths of methamphetamine production. Keywords: Cold Cook Methods, Cold Cook Methods step by step, Cold Cook Methods steps, Methamphetamine, Cold Cook Methods list

Kamal singh

Mushrooms and fenugreek are widely used to reduce hyperglycemia, and fenugreek is also used as a culinary ingredient to enhance flavor and aroma. This study is aimed at investigating the underlying mechanisms of the hypoglycemic effects of mushrooms and fenugreek in a Type 2 diabetic rat model. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)–activated protein kinase (AMPK) functions to reduce hyperglycemia through insulin-independent pathways and protects beta-cells. Diabetic model rats were administered standard diets supplemented with 5% oyster mushroom powder (mushroom-treated (MT) group) and 5% fenugreek seed powder (fenugreektreated (FT) group) for 8 weeks. The results showed improvements in both glycemic and lipid profiles, with both oyster mushroom and fenugreek enhancing the phosphorylation of AMPK in muscle tissue. However, no effect on insulin secretion was observed. These findings suggest that both substances reduce hyperglycemia through an insulin-independent pathway. In silico analysis of both mushroom and fenugreek seed extracts revealed bioactive compounds having a strong binding affinity to α-glucosidase, which suggests mushroom and fenugreek supplements might control postprandial blood glucose levels.

Arafat hassan razon

Recent reports showed an association between bariatric surgery and the development of acute pancreatitis. This report presents a case of acute pancreatitis following a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in a 24-year-old Indian female patient, who presented to the Emergency Department at Hamad General Hospital, Qatar, with severe epigastric pain and persistent vomiting 13 days after LSG. She was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis based on a high level of lipase greater than three times the upper limit of normal, and a computed tomography scan of the abdomen, which was consistent with acute pancreatitis. The patient was treated conservatively with a significant improvement in her symptoms and laboratory tests throughout her admission and consequently was discharged.

Karishma

Experiment was carried out to standardize the artificial diet for mass rearing of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) under laboratory conditions. The average length and breadth of egg was 0.51±0.06 mm, 0.46±0.37 mm and 0.52±0.03 mm, 0.48±0.62 on artificial and natural diet. The average length and breadth of first, second, third, fourth and fifth instar larvae was 1.40±0.09 mm, 0.46±0.02 mm and 1.42±0.01 mm, 0.47±0.16 mm and 4.03±0.22 mm, 0.66±0.07 mm and 4.31±0.01 mm, 0.89±0.25 mm and 8.19±0.36 mm, 1.57±0.63 mm, and 10.29±0.72 mm, 1.87±0.91 mm and 18.70±0.44 mm, 2.78±0.040 mm and 20.15±0.03 mm, 3.17±0.55 mm and 26.01±0.19 mm, 4.09±0.39 mm and 27.32±0.027 mm, 5.88±0.69 mm, respectively with the average duration of 2.69±0.32 and 2.54±0.29, 3.77±0.65 and 3.79±0.11, 3.88±0.49 and 3.72±1.23, 5.35±0.55 and 5.72±0.91 and 6.61±0.008, 6.46±1.07 days, respectively on artificial as well as on natural diet. The average length and breadth of adult male and female was 18.01±0.48 mm and 35.09±1.25 mm, 18.51±1.04 mm and 38.11±1.37 mm, 19.00±0.18 mm and 19.10±0.49 mm, 37.75±1.27 mm and 41.23±1.69 mm, respectively. The average pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period was 2.52±0.86 and 2.76±0.84 days, 4.93±0.78 and 5.08±0.90 days and 0.65±0.49 and 0.79±0.93 days, respectively. The total life cycle of male and female was 40.50±2.29 and 41.81±1.89 days and 42.59±1.77 and 43.80±1.93 days.

Dr. babu lal jat

The rate of oxygen consumption was measured in mercury chloride treated freshwater fish, cyprinus carpio for 96h and compared to control group. The present investigation showed that average oxygen rate was decreased in all treated animal as compared to controlled group. Behavioural changes was also recorded in both concentration. The behavioural alterations observed like surfacing, erratic movement, increased mucous secretion, decreased opercular movement and loss of balance. The present study revealed that, mortality rate increased with increases in concentration.

.vijay digambar suryawanshi

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a frequently utilized analytical method that has numerous characteristics, including high selectivity, sensitivity, and a reduced time requirement. Upon using this fabulous technique, the limit of detection is reduced, and the accuracy, precision, reliability, and specificity can be expanded. This technique plays a crucial role in both qualitative and quantitative analysis throughout the various stages of drug production, from the initial discovery of the drug to its excretion from the body. The role of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in pharmaceutical analysis during various stages of drug discovery, production, and clinical use, including drug pharmacokinetics, is reviewed and discussed in detail. This provides an overview of the benefits of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography from the chemical, pharmaceutical, and clinical perspectives.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

In today’s ever-changing world with new advancements, Customer Experience or CX plays a critical role in a value proposition, thereby affecting customer loyalty, top-line metrics and business growth. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming very important because AI provides adequate, rapid, and smooth Mass-Customized interactions. Self-checkout to virtual assistants, current innovation reveals how tools supported by Artificial Intelligence increase customer-centric experience, helping to decipher and estimate the customer’s wants and needs in real-time. Thus, this paper focuses on the revolutionary impact of AI in recasting customer experience management initiatives, which includes understanding AI applications in customer marketing, customer service, customer emotion analysis, and prediction of the probable behavior of customers. By means of AI, organizations can design and deliver unique experiences for their customers, fine-tune contacts, and improve satisfaction, loyalty, and customer retention. This article thus presents a critical discussion of prior and current literature on AI and customer experience and the research methodology adopted for assessing AI quality in improving CX innovations. It expounds on results from recent case studies on the value of integrating AI. It is not a matter of whether customer experience will be powered by AI, but when and by how much, as customer data drives decisions, interactions with customers, and learning in near-real time. Therefore, as AI technologies advance, companies adopting AI in customer experience approaches will close distance or gain ground on their competitors since they will efficiently offer superior, preemptive and personalized experiences.

Mohan krishna mannava

Humans have used natural products to treat different pathological conditions since immemorial. Numerous plants have been reported to have antitussive activity. Our present study aimed to evaluate the ethanolic extract of Arenaria serpyllifolia (Carophyllaceae, Whole plant), Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Caesalpiniaceae, Aerial parts) and Fragaria nubicola (Rosaceae, Whole plant) for antitussive activity at the doses of 200, 400 mg/kg in healthy albino rats. Cough is a symptom and defensive reflex of removing the toxic, irritating substances and pathogens from the larynx, trachea and bronchi. Cough is usually considered a disease related to the lungs. Several substances are responsible for the stimulation of cough reflexes. Among the most common are dust, histamine and bronchoconstriction. Arenaria serpyllifolia is a small annual herb commonly called Thyme-leaved sandwort, found in uncultivated land, arid meadows and cliffs. Caesalpinia pulcherrima is an ornamental plant, usually 2 m tall, known as a Peacock flower. Fragaria nubicola grows in wooded valleys, forest margins and meadows. It is commonly known as wild strawberry. These plants have been used traditionally for cough suppression by different societies. In this study, cough was induced by using the sulphur dioxide induction method. Animals were divided into eight groups of ten animals each, and all the drugs were administered orally. Group I was the control group, while Group II was the standard. A dose-dependent inhibition of cough was observed for all extracts. At 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, all three extracts proved highly significant compared to standard. So, it proves and supports the traditional use of plants for relieving cough.

Dr. salman ahmed

Background: Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) antibodies may be considered as biomarkers of typhoid fever, a severe febrile systemic illness caused by an invasive Gram-negative Bacterium S. typhi. Worldwide, about 21-26.9 million cases of typhoid fever and 200 000-215 000 deaths, occur annually. Between 2003 and 2005, statistics have shown a rising trend in the incidence of typhoid fever in Abia and Enugu States. The aim of the study was to determine the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies in some rural communities of Abia and Enugu States as proxy indicators of prevalence typhoid fever (TF) in the two states. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies in ten rural communities of Umunneochi Local Government Area (LGA) of Abia State and Ezeagu LGA of Enugu State using 421 (200 in Abia and 221 in Enugu) blood samples for the Widal test to determine the titres of these antibodies. Results: In the Abia communities the mean sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was 68.2%, while in Enugu it was 87.1%. Between the two states, difference in the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was significant (p=0.03). Conclusions: The sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was higher (87.1%) in the Enugu communities, compared to the Abia communities (68.2%). To reduce the incidence and prevalence of TF in the communities, access to safe domestic water, improved sanitation and good food hygiene needs to be improved. Health-seeking behaviour also needs improvement.

Emmanuel umegbolu

Introduction: Mental illness is a global issue that affects various population groups, including university students. Gaining insights into students' perspectives on mental illness plays a vital role in fostering mental health awareness and combating stigma in educational environments Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate Vietnamese undergraduate students’ knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of mental illness by focusing on the dimensions: (i) the level of knowledge students possess about the causes and manifestations of mental illness, and (ii) their attitudes towards individuals experiencing mental health problems. Methodology: Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, this study involved 350 undergraduate students from five universities in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Data collection was conducted between June and July 2024 and utilized the Perception Towards Persons with Mental Illness (PWMI) Scale adapted from previous studies. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science software, version 25 (IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The results indicated that approximately 80.6% knew about mental illness, and 70.5% perceived mental illness as a common or quite common phenomenon in Vietnam. Regarding the etiology of mental illness, a significant majority identified "bad things happening to you" as a cause (73.3%), followed by substance abuse (51.4%) and brain disease (50.0%). The findings also revealed that, despite some positive perceptions and attitudes, many responses clustered around the neutral option, particularly for controversial or personal items. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the need for targeted educational interventions to foster more informed and compassionate attitudes towards individuals with mental illness among undergraduate students.

Le minh tien

Cancer is one of the most extreme medical conditions in both developing and developed countries around the world, causing millions of deaths each year. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are critical treatment approaches, but both have numerous adverse health effects. Furthermore, the resistance of cancerous cells to anticancer medication leads to treatment failure. The rising burden of cancer overall requires novel, efficacious treatment modalities. Natural medications offer feasible alternative options against malignancy in contrast to western medicines. Furanocoumarins’ defensive and restorative impacts have been observed in leukemia, glioma, breast, lung, renal, liver, colon, cervical, ovarian, and prostate malignancies. Experimental findings have shown that furanocoumarins activate multiple signalling pathways, leading to apoptosis, autophagy, antioxidant, antimetastatic, and cell cycle arrest in malignant cells. Additionally, furanocoumarins have been shown to have chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic synergistic potential when used in combination with other anticancer drugs. Here, we address different pathways which are activated by furanocoumarins and their therapeutic efficacy in various tumors. Ideally, this review will trigger interest in furanocoumarins and their potential efficacy and safety as cancer-lessening agents.

Dr. salman ahmed

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The requirements of stakeholders for the qualitative transformation of the approaches of industrial enterprises – environmental users to introduction of economic activities cause an increase in the role of environmental responsibility as their strategic priority for development. The purpose of the study is to improve the practical tools for calculating and developing strategies for the development of environmental responsibility of industrial enterprises. METHODS: In the study, tools for assessing the level of environmental initiative of an industrial enterprise as an integrated indicator of environmental initiative are suggested. It is expressed as the arithmetic mean of ten factors of environmentally proactive behavior of industrial enterprises. To achieve the objectives of the study, methods of criterion-qualitative assessment are suggested, such as expert assessment and survey. The assessment system includes ten factors rated on a 10-point scale and weighted by significance. The integrated indicator of the environmental initiative acquires values within, is a stimulant of environmental responsibility. FINDING: One justified a scientific and methodological approach to assessing the level of environmental responsibility or the industrial enterprise, including calculation of the corresponding taxonomic indicator with consideration of the quantitative factors of its environmental responsibility and the qualitative and quantitative factors of environmental initiative. This enables the possibility to assess the relevant state of environmental responsibility and determine the volumes for further correction of the ecological strategy for the development of the industrial enterprise. CONCLUSION: As a conclusion, practical recommendations are made for the implementation of organizational and economic support of environmental responsibility in the development strategy of an industrial enterprise taking into account the impact of its environmental initiative and environmental duty. The level of environmental responsibility of industrial enterprises taken into account when developing recommendations on adjustment of their environmental strategy of development is determined, which as a whole allowed to form organizational and economic support for environmental responsibility of the enterprises under study. Thus, an enterprise, which only ensures compliance with environmental emission standards (compensation strategy or sufficiency strategy) cannot be characterized by a high level of environmental responsibility. To ensure a high level of environmental responsibility, an industrial enterprise must rely on a proactive strategy or a strategy for sustainable use of nature.

Professor j. nouri

In an era of rapid technological advancement, the digital divide between rural and urban communities has become increasingly apparent. This study aims to investigate consumer awareness towards cyber security in both rural and urban settings, recognizing its critical importance in safeguarding personal and sensitive information. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to bridge the digital divide in cyber security awareness. Policymakers, educators, and community leaders must collaborate to implement initiatives tailored to the unique needs of rural populations, including improving access to technology, enhancing digital literacy programs, and fostering a culture of cyber security consciousness. By addressing these disparities, we can strive towards a more inclusive and resilient digital society where all individuals, regardless of their geographic location, are empowered to navigate the digital landscape securely. This research paper delves into the awareness and attitudes of consumers regarding cyber security in both rural and urban settings. With the increasing prevalence of online activities, particularly e-commerce, understanding the level of awareness and concerns about cyber security is crucial. The study analyzes data collected from 100 respondents, examining demographics, online shopping behavior, encounters with security issues, familiarity with safety measures, and sources of information about cyber security. The findings provide insights into the digital divide between rural and urban communities and offer recommendations for enhancing cyber security awareness and education.

Dr. kishor bholane

India is in the midst of a severe second wave of Covid-19. As per the Global Commission for Post-Pandemic Policy by mid-April of 2021, India had manufactured nearly 17 percent of all Covid-19 vaccine doses globally. It was the world’s fourth-largest producer, after China (about 36 percent), the United States (about 22 percent) and the European Union (more than 17 percent). Even so, following a shortage of vaccines and with insufficient local production, Government of India decided to import more foreign vaccines with quicker approval process for vaccines accepted in US/EU markets. India is currently using made-in-India vaccines, namely, Covishield manufactured by Serum Institute India and Covaxin of Bharat Biotech in its COVID-19 immunisation programme. The shortcoming in the production of vaccines and its dissemination within the country urges one to understand who the local producers are and how the market is playing out. This paper looks at the evolving market structure of vaccine production in India in the textbook framework of an oligopoly market. We use secondary data sources and daily newspaper briefs.

Nandini

Background: Although statins are considered safe, they do have side effects with a wide range of hepatic adverse effects. The present study aims to estimate the frequency of liver injury in patients treated with various statins and to describe their clinical characteristics and outcomes. Materials and Methods: We carried out a secondary post hoc analysis of collected data from our previous study entitled “Frequency of Rhabdomyolysis in Patients Treated with Statins in Hamad General Hospital, Qatar.” Results: We identified 10 cases (1.0%) of statin-induced liver injury during the study period. Their mean age was 62±10.09 years, with 6 (60%) males and 4 (40%) females. Of the 10 patients, six patients received rosuvastatin, two patients received atorvastatin, and other two cases received simvastatin. The mean duration between the initiation of statin and the development of liver injury (latency period) was 20.40±6.91 months. Five of our patients were asymptomatic, and liver injury was discovered incidentally during routine testing of the patients during routine follow-up, while four patients developed painless jaundice and one developed muscle pain attributed to rhabdomyolysis. Statins were stopped in all patients. Nine of them were managed on an outpatient basis, while one patient with rhabdomyolysis was admitted. In all patients, other statins were reintroduced after a mean time of 7.4±3 months without recurrence of liver injury. No mortality has been reported. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that statin-induced liver injury is a rare clinical entity that occurs regardless of the dose and type of statin, with rosuvastatin being the most causative drug. Statin-induced liver injury was asymptomatic and was discovered incidentally in 50% of our cases during routine testing, underscoring the importance of routine follow-up of liver function tests in asymptomatic patients.

Karishma

Introduction: Study was conducted with an objective of investigating the inhibitory effect of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract on three enzymes (α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase) involved in diabetes. The disadvantages related to the use of synthetic drugs make it necessary to search for alternative medicines from medicinal plants. One therapeutic approach for treating postprandial hyperglycaemia is to decrease the plasma glucose level, which can be attained by lowering the starch hydrolysis by digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase. The use of synthetic antidiabetic agents caused gastrointestinal side effects. Methods: Hence, the research was aimed to evaluate the potential of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract to inhibit α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase as a possible mechanism of hypoglycemia caused by this plant with fewer side effects. Phaseolus lunatus, also known as Lima bean, is native to Tropical America and grown worldwide. Lima bean has been prescribed traditionally to treat different diseases, including diabetes. Result: The results of the present study showed that Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract has exerted both time and concentration-dependent Significant inhibitory effects on these digestive enzymes might be due to the cumulative impact of phytoconstituents in the plant extract. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that the part mechanisms by which Phaseolus lunatus exhibited its antidiabetic activity might be through inhibiting this digestive enzyme.

Dr. salman ahmed

Background and Objective: Health care workers (HCWs) are at the highest risk of contracting COVID-19, so their knowledge about the disease and their preventive attitude and practice toward COVID-19 are of concern. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of HCWs toward COVID-19 in Al-Thawra Hospital, Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among HCWs in Al-Thawra Hospital, Ibb, Yemen, from January 1 to March 31, 2022. Results: Of the 80 participants, 50 (62.5%) were males and 30 (37.5%) were females with a mean age of 29.33±7.86 years. About 51.2% of respondents were aware that sneezing is a recognized symptom of COVID-19, while most were unaware of the extrarespiratory symptoms of the disease, such as diarrhea and confusion. About 28.7% of respondents believed that eating or contacting wild animals would result in infection by the COVID-19 virus, with the majority (71.3%) agreeing that wearing a well-fitting face mask effectively prevents COVID-19 infection. Approximately 48 respondents (60.0%) believed that washing hands could prevent contracting COVID-19, and only 31 (38.7%) agreed that if a patient shows signs and symptoms of COVID-19, they can confidently participate in that patient’s treatment. In response to avoid COVID-19, about 23 respondents (28.7%) had always gone to crowded places, and 35 (43.6%) had always worn face masks at every contact with patients, while only 14 (17.5%) of participants refrained from shaking hands and 37 (46.3%) always washed their hands before and after handling each patient. Conclusion: This study showed that most respondents have poor knowledge regarding the clinical picture of COVID-19 and its mode of transmission as most of them failed to detect an extrapulmonary manifestation of COVID-19 and were unaware of the possibility of transmission of the disease from wildlife. In addition, the attitude and preventive practice of the respondents were unsatisfactory in containing the transmission of the disease.

Karishma

One of the unique features of Indian society is prevalence of caste system which was originated thousands of years back to demarcate the people engaged in different occupation or jobs. Initially it was not much rigid but gradually people belonging to upper castes for their own selfish means to maintain their monopoly made this arrangement hereditary and started treating people of lower castes disgracefully. For preservation of this system, people started controlling their women to prevent inter-caste marriages and the concept of endogamy came up. This robbed away many types of freedom from women. For women belonging to lower castes, this situation is worse as they are doubly subjugated on the basis on caste as well as gender. Men belonging to their own caste treat them as secondary beings. This paper throws light on this intersection. How intersection of these two kinds of inequalities place them at the lowest position in Indian society. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar rises as their leader who all his life worked for empowerment of downtrodden section of society. He argues that education is the primary tool for evading these differences among people. He further emphasizes to adopt the concept of exogamy to break the backbone of Indian caste system and to immediately leave a religion or culture which legitimizes such system of inequality among people of the same land.

Swati sharma

Cryopreservation is a process that preserves intact living cells, tissues or any other biological constructs by cooling and storing the samples to very low temperatures in order to maintain their viability and to save them for future use. At very low temperatures, enzymatic and chemical activities that may cause harm to the biological material are effectively stopped. Cryopreservation methods look to reach very low temperatures without causing further harm caused by the creation of ice crystals during freezing. Cryopreservation human samples for storage including variety of diseases such as cancer, genetic and degenerative disorders and bio-banking. This review aims to describe and highlight dimethyl sulfoxide in cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide is a non-toxic solvent and is one of the most commonly used pharmaceutical agent with a varied range of pharmacological actions including membrane penetration, anti-inflammatory effects and local analgesia as well as weak bacteriostatic. The main use of dimethyl sulfoxide is a vehicle for some drugs to enhancing the action of the drug and helping penetration of other drugs into the skin. However, dimethyl sulfoxide has been the cryopreservative agent of choice in situation to its exceptional performance in mitigating freezing-related damages. It is frequently used in cell banking applications as a cryoprotectant. When added to media, it prevents intracellular and extracellular crystals from forming in cells during the freezing process. There has been a concern over the toxicity of dimethyl sulfoxide and its potential side effects in different highly concentration after administration to patients. Therefore, there has been growing demand for robust dimethyl sulfoxide for cryopreservation method that can improve safety and maintain potency and efficacy

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences